Domestic violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Domestic violence - Essay Example 464; Black et al., 2008). Specifically the term ‘domestic violence’ can either refer to men and women as victims of abuse (Ahmed, 2009, p. 1). However, the rate of abuse inflicted on women and children is much higher as compared to men (Humphreys and Stanley, 2006, p. 13). In the UK, 62% and 38% of domestic abuse victims are female and male respectively (Office for National Statistics, 2014). Specifically the Women’s Aid (2014) reported that at least one (1) incident of domestic violence occurs in this country each minute and that at least two (2) women are killed by their former or current male partner each week. Published on the official website of gov.uk, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) reported that roughly 1.2 million women were victims of domestic abuse and that more than 330,000 women throughout the United Kingdom were sexually assaulted from 2012 to 2013 (gov.uk, 2014). For so many reasons, domestic violence, up to the present time, can still be a ‘hidden crime’ mainly because the victims are ashamed of being abused by their current or former partner (Rose, 2013, pp. 12–13; Womens Aid, 2008). To gain better understanding of the gender differences in domestic violence, this study will purposely analyse and discuss the existence of unequal power distribution between men and women, the main causes of sexual inequality, oppression and gender or racial discrimination. Eventually, strategies that can help The traumatic experiences the victims get from domestic violence can lead to long-term stress, physical injuries, adverse mental and psychological changes and emotional burden such as anxiety and depression (Pearson et al., 2007, p. 38). In line with this, the UK government allocated a total of  £40 million to financially support the funding of ‘local support services’ and ‘national help lines’ for abuse victims up to the end of 2015. However, the Living Without Abuse (2014) has recently reported that the actual costs of

Our War On Drugs Essay Example for Free

Our War On Drugs Essay A drug can be described as a chemical substance that influences how an individual’s body and mind works (Rees 2005 p. 5). It is uncommon today to hear the word drugs on televisions and read them in magazines. Drugs are virtually everywhere and there is continual development of these drugs. They are used by people for various reasons ranging from medicinal to recreational purposes. Drugs that are taken as medicines include antibiotics and penicillin among others. However some drugs are illegal. They include: cocaine, ecstasy, marijuana, cannabis, heroin, crack, methamphetamines, LSD (acid), alcohol and magic mushrooms. These illegal drugs are also known as recreational drugs and many are gotten from plants growth in various parts of the world. Amphetamines are drugs that can be inhaled, or eaten in form of tables. Heroin is smoked or taken as an injection. Marijuana on the other hand consists of a brown resin. It is mostly smoked in cigarettes and it can also be eaten (Rees 2005 p. 30). Abuse of drug use is known as drug addiction. When a person constantly takes these illegal drugs for recreational purposes this addiction develops as a process and not instantly. Addiction to drugs affects individuals of multicultural, geographically diverse, across gender and racial classes. The initial steps are very moderate but their increased use results to a state of life threatening situation. Withdrawals are hardly achieved as the issue becomes of medical concern. Those who abuse drugs have their various reasons. They argue that drugs help them alleviate stress, boosts their morale and confidence, makes them feel good about themselves among many other things. Drug abuse has various adverse effects. Some of the effects include rises in blood pressure, vomiting, impairs memory and judgment capability of an individual. Other effects are poor decision making, accidents, impaired health and poor relationships. The consequences of these are physical, psychological and emotional instability on the drug abuser. The individual hence suffers from depression (Rick 2005 p30) A large number of people who abuse drugs decide to quit at some point but this is often difficult since once a person is addicted to drugs, it is almost impossible to avoid taking them as they mostly experience withdrawal symptoms. The symptoms are for instance body aches, sweating, and flu in the case of heroin. Nicotine on the other hand results to fatigue and premature aging affecting the skin, body shape and body weight. On the other hand, fast withdrawals could result to dangerous impacts. For instance tranquilizers could be dangerous resulting in high blood pressure, vomiting, temperature and stomach cramps (Rees 2005 p. 42) Our War on Drugs The war on drugs is a move undertaken by the United States including help from other participating countries whose priority is to eliminate trade in illegal drugs. It traces its origin way back in 1880 where there was a memorandum of understanding between United States and China to prohibit trade in opium between the two countries (http://www. nh-dwi. com/caip-213. htm). Today in America, mostly the youth experiment with these illegal drugs and they do it for various reasons. Some do it for recreational purposes whereas others are simply addicts as they cannot do without them. The United States government and the general public have become concerned about drug abuse and addiction. The government became more concerned about the issue in the 1960s when the youth mostly college students protested against the Vietnam war and in the 1960s and 1970s they began using licit and illicit drugs on a large scale for the first time (Fleckenstein Hanson Venturelli 2005 p. 125). As a starting point the United States government introduced new strategies for tackling this issue of drug use and abuse. These strategies include demand reduction, inoculation, supply reduction, interdiction and drug courts. The use of drug courts has become a common strategy. The supply reduction is a strategy aimed at reducing and controlling supply of illegal drugs. Demand reduction aims at reducing the individuals’ tendencies to abuse drugs especially the youth. It places emphasis on reforming behaviors. Inoculation on the other hand attempts to protect drug users by informing them on their responsibilities. Drug courts on the other hand integrate incentives, sanctions, treatment and ensure that nonviolent drug addicts are placed in rehabilitation programs. Lastly interdiction is a policy aimed at stopping the supply of these illicit drugs (Fleckenstein, Hanson Venturelli, 2005 p. 25). In the United States of America, there are quite a number of law enforcements Acts on drugs that have been established to control drug abuse. They include: Harrison Acts that looks into the production, sale, importation and distribution of opium. The other Act is the Narcotic Drug Import and Export Act aimed at alleviating use of narcotics but it is exceptional for medicinal and other legitimate use. Heroin Act of 1924 prohibited the manufacturing of drugs. The Marijuana Tax Act also controlled the production, sale and distribution of marijuana. The Opium Pappy Control Act restricted the cultivation of opium poppies in the United States except if one is licensed to do so. Narcotics control act on the other hand intended to establish suffer penalties to individuals who broke the marijuana or narcotics laws. Drug Abuse Control Amendments (DACA) was established to adopt stuff controls over barbiturates, amphetamines, LSD among others moreover; the Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act (NARA) was established to rehabilitate drug addicts in the three programs that is voluntary, sentencing to death addicts who are convicted and the pretrial civil commitment. In 1988, the Anti-Drug Abuse Act introduced the office of National Drug Control to oversee policies on research controlling drug abuse. Lastly the 2000 Drug Addiction Treatment Act gave a go ahead to physicians to prescribe narcotics for the treatment of oploid addiction (Fleckenstein, Hanson Venturelli, 2005 p. 135). The white House National Drug Control Strategy in 2006 declared it stand and wish to balance the reduction in supply and demand of illegal drugs in the United States of America. It also outlined programs intended to curb abuse of drugs. In the same year, the National Drug Control Strategy pointed out its aim of supporting random student testing, intervention, screening, prevention, treatment and support for drug courts examining methamphetamines and making the United States southwest border secure (uninfo. state. gov/xarchives/display. gtm/? p. ). Another regulatory law enforcement body concerning drug abuse in the United States is the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Its mission is to control drugs and provide laws and regulations regarding drug abuse. The National Drug control Strategy established a ten year plan to reduce drug abuse. It also aims at reducing America’s demand for drugs by offering treatment and supply through law enactments (http://www. usembassy-mexico. gov/bbfbfdossier-combDrogas. htm). The above drug laws indiscriminate use of drugs and it is through the legislation that licit and illicit drugs are determined. The government of the United States tries to meet public needs and control pressure through these rules and regulations. Due to the advancement in technology in today’s society, trained experts and government agencies provide information and protection on drug abuse. Are we winning the war on drugs? In my opinion, I do not believe that we are winning the war on drugs. I have based my judgment according to various reasons. Since the prohibition of drug abuse in 1937 in the United States of America; marijuana once considered for Mexican immigrants has been actively used by 20-37% of the youth in the United States. The same applies to the use of cocaine, ecstasy and methamphetamines (World Drug Report, 2000). The continual trade in drugs is also another factor that has severely affected efforts by the government to prevent drug abuse and addiction. The United States of America is largely affected more so because of its population and largest budget that focuses on enforcement. President George W. Bush in February 2002 established a National Drug Control Strategy based on the Principles of stopping the usage of drugs, disrupting the market and curing America’s drug addicts (Policy and Program Development, 2002). Evidence also shows that the criminal law in the United States has had only small success in preventing drug abuse. It is approximated that in 2004, 39% of students in the 12th grade used an illicit-drug, 34% was marijuana, cocaine 5% and LSD 2%. Also, those aged 12 and above who use illegal drugs as estimated by National Survey is 19. 5 million in the United States (Fleckenstein, Hanson Venturelli, 2005 p. 140). In the United States, family structures have changed considerably having half of all women working outside home and the divorce rate is quite high. This has affected the nurturing of children by all these single parents. Family and friends have also contributed to the increasing drug abuses since they are ready to bail out and offer excuses for those who have been convicted (Fleckenstein, Hanson Venturelli, 2005 p. 40). To conclude, it is therefore evident that the war on drugs is still far from being over. It is therefore essential that the society works hard to stop abuse of drugs which is causing deaths on a massive scale. It is essential for individuals to know that the effects of drugs on the social life, economic life, emotional and spiritual life are adverse. The extreme case of addiction to these drugs is the exposure of the individual person to death.

The Digitial Millenium Copyright Act Essay -- Copyrights Copyrighting

The Digitial Millenium Copyright Act As current lawsuits unfold and the history of the Internet progresses, the debate over the future of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act thrives. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act, signed into law by President Clinton on October 28, 1998, was written in an attempt to strike a balance between the rights of a work’s creator to receive adequate compensation and society’s fundamental right to freedom of information. The bottom line is that the objective of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act is to prohibit all Internet users from accessing copyrighted materials on the Internet. The most renowned case where this is currently happening is A&M Records, Inc v. Napster Inc (Downing 2). The reason the DMCA creates such controversy is that many people believe that the Act puts all of the control into the creator’s hands, which, in truth, is not a balance at all. However, one cannot blame this lack of balance entirely on artists because the reality is that most artists do not own the right to their work, but the company with which they signed their contract owns the rights. The question remains as to how to word the DMCA in a way that will not only promote the rise of Internet business, but will protect people’s fundamental rights. The Act, as is, will not suffice, rather changes must be made before society allows their rights to be controlled by the big-money corporations that own most copyrights to influence the government with their money. If society remains ignorant about the provisions of this law, then not only are we allowing the very people who profit from the Internet to restrict who views it, but we are sitting idly by as the government strips us of our rights. "Eliminate it" or "Lea... ...It will also help the service meet the needs of its expanding user base in a manner that is consistent with Napster’s values and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (napster.com). There has to be a way that people can have access to copyrighted information on the Internet. There is an incredible wealth of information to be learned in this world, and it should not be denied as a result of a fear of losing a profit. We cannot develop stringent copyright laws on the Internet until such time that the entire world is ready to accept and follow these laws as well. It is useless to make law in one country when it could easily be broken in the next. Until the Digital Millennium Copyright Act is provide a solution that works for both the people and the creators, and is suitable for worldwide application, then it is useless to write a law just for the sake of having one.

Breach of Contract

A type of contract, a legally binding agreement between two parties to do a certain thing, in which one side has all the bargaining power and uses it to write the contract primarily to his or her advantage[1]. Breach of Contract Common Breaches of Contract When any contract is made an agreement is formed between parties to carry out a service and payment for that service. If one of the parties fails to carry out their side of the agreement then the party can be said to be in breach of contract.Breach of contract can also occur if work carried out is defective or if one party makes the other aware that they will not be carrying out the agreed work. Breaches of contract can also include non payment for a service or not paying on time, failure to deliver services or goods, and being late with services without a reasonable excuse. Terms and conditions are a fundamental part of a legally binding contract and any broken terms can lead to breach of contract. Types of Breach of Contract The main types of breach of contract will be minor, material, fundamental, and anticipatory.Minor breaches can be, for example, a builder who substitutes his own type of materials for specified materials. The substituted materials may work just as well as the specified but it can still be seen as a minor breach of contract. Related on Contracts And Agreements†¦ †¢ Do You Have to Know About a Breach to Be Liable? †¢ Mediation and Arbitration †¢ Remedies for Breach of Contract †¢ Breach of Contract Against Employer : A Case Study †¢ Contracts and Risk †¢ Jurisdiction in Contracts [pic][pic]A material breach can be a breach that has serious consequences on the outcome of the contract.A fundamental breach would be one so serious that the contract has to be terminated. An anticipatory breach is one where one of the parties makes it known that they will not be carrying out agreed work, and the consequences can be termination of the contract and damages being sought in court. Damages for Breach of Contract Damages can be awarded to an innocent party if a law court upholds that a contract has been breached. Damages will be used to compensate the innocent party for their loss due to the breach. These damages are usually a remuneration that will reflect the loss.For example, if an employer dismissed an employee unfairly then the employee could claim damages for loss of earnings under breach of contract. Damages can be awarded even if there has been no actual loss, the innocent party will then usually be awarded nominal damages. Proof of Breach If a dispute does occur due to breach of contract then the judge will need to decide that a legally binding contract does exist and that it has been breached. In some cases the contract may only be a verbal contract and there may be no actual written evidence that a contract was formed.In such cases a judge will need to go over the terms and conditions of the contract and clarify what actually took p lace in practice. Entitlement to damages may be awarded if the innocent party can prove that a breach of contract took place. The innocent party must prove that there was a loss due to the breach and that the nature of the loss would lead to compensation. Remoteness of loss will also be taken into consideration by the courts and may include future loss that could reasonably occur from the contract being broken. Other Damages due to Breach of ContractOther losses can include loss of profits, the cost of rectifying the breach and wasted expenditure. If disputes do end up in the law courts then the amount awarded may come down to how much documented proof the claimant has regarding financial loss. This can include actual records and document proof of financial loss due to the breach. However, if there is little proof, damages can still be awarded, this will be down to the judge ascertaining all of the facts of the case and not relying solely on documented proof. Breaching a contract ca n be a serious offence and is a very common reason for lawsuits.Anyone considering court action due to breach of contract should seek expert legal advice before proceeding. Court disputes are a lengthy and costly procedure and the legal costs should be weighed up against the likely damages awarded. A detailed view of the law of contracts shows that the main reason for this law is to enforce promises and agreements that have been made. If a broken contract is taken to the law courts then there will be certain criteria that a judge will look at before deciding whether or not the contract can be enforced. The Elements of a ContractFor any contract to be considered legally binding the elements of offer and acceptance must exist. The origin of a contract or agreement will begin with the offer. With the unconditional acceptance of the offer the contract will then be formed. But there are other contract elements that are required by the law, and if these are not present the courts may deci de there is no contract. The Offer and Acceptance With an offer there must be a willingness from the accepting party to enter into the contract. In order to make the contract complete there must also be specific terms and conditions set out and accepted.Once all terms and conditions have been offered and accepted, and no further negotiations intended then the contract can said to be complete or full. Consideration Another important element in the law of contracts is consideration. A contract may not be deemed to be enforceable by law if there was no consideration included. This means that there must be mutual consideration on either side; one person promises to provide a service and the other pays in return. Related on Contracts And Agreements†¦ †¢ New Law on Proving Consumer Contracts †¢ Legally Binding Contracts †¢ Employment Contracts Explained †¢ Common Law Marriage Contacts Remedies for Breach of Contract †¢ Contracts and Risk [pic][pic]Intention T he fourth element in a contract is intention. When parties make an agreement with no intention of the agreement becoming legally binding then it will not be judged to be a contract under the eyes of the law. In some cases, such as commercial contracts, there is an assumption that the contract is intended to be legally binding. If one of the parties does want to bring the matter to court and argue that there was never any intention of a binding contract then they will need to have some form of clear written evidence. The Terms and ConditionsIf a contract dispute is brought to the law courts then great emphasis will be placed on the terms and conditions of the contract. A contract cannot be said to be complete if the terms and conditions are not fully laid out. These conditions must not be vague or ambiguous. A contract will not usually be seen as legally binding if the terms and conditions are unclear. However, every court case is different, and a judge may at times try to clarify th e terms and conditions of the disputed contract. Type of Contract In most cases it makes sense to take the precaution of formalising all agreements with a written contract.But a contract may be upheld even if it is made verbally. There are certain circumstances where contracts must be made in writing, such as the sale of property or tenancy agreements. If no written contract or statement does exist, and the contract dispute has reached the courts, then the judge may look at how services, promises, and exchanges were carried out in practice in order to make a decision. Contract Discharge A contract can come to end in one of four ways; breach, performance, agreement and frustration. Discharge by performance means that all the obligations of the contract have been accomplished by both parties.Agreement of discharge can mean that both parties agree to end the contract or one party releases the other party from the agreement. Frustration means that events have occurred that made the comp letion of the contract impossible and the obligations of the contract could not be met. Breaching a Contract A breach of contract can occur if one party does not fulfil one or more of the specified terms and conditions. It can also occur if the work carried out is defective or if one party makes the other aware that they will not be carrying out the agreed work.The law can then be brought to judge on this contract dispute and can award the innocent part damages. The law of contracts can be a complicated matter, and serious consideration should be given along with expert legal advice if the court process is to be considered. Financial damages may only be awarded if the innocent party can prove financial loss. Court costs and solicitors fees should be weighed up against the likelihood of any damages awarded before proceeding with court cases. ———————– [1] http://legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/Standard+form+contract

Types and Symptoms

Albinism is a genetic anomaly characterized by little or no pigment in their eyes, skin, or hair.   Not specific to race or ethnicity, it can affect African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asians as much as it does whites. More exactly, albinism is an autosomal recessive trait where melanocytes have diminished or restricted ability to produce melanin—the substance responsible for skin, hair and eye color.Phenotypically, albinism is relatively rare: one person in 17,000 in the U.S.A. is affected. In fact, most children with albinism are born to parents with normal hair and eye color. In some Scandinavian countries, however, it is difficult to tell if a child has albinism because fair hair and eyes are the norm.   A common myth is that by definition people with albinism have red eyes. In fact there are different types of albinism, and the amount of pigment in the eyes varies.The National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation dispels many myths and legends in popular cultu re, â€Å"Although some individuals with albinism have reddish or violet eyes, most have blue eyes. Some have hazel or brown eyes.People with albinism always have problems with vision, and many have low vision. Many are â€Å"legally blind,† but most use their vision for reading, and do not use braille. Some have vision good enough to drive a car.   Vision problems in albinism result from abnormal development of the retina and abnormal patterns of nerve connections between the eye and the brain. It is the presence of these eye problems that defines the diagnosis of albinism.Therefore the main test for albinism is simply an eye exam.   While most people with albinism have very light skin and hair, not all do. Oculocutaneous albinism involves the eyes, hair, and skin. Ocular albinism involves primarily the eyes, while skin and hair may appear similar or slightly lighter than that of other family members.Over the years researchers have used various systems for classifying o culocutaneous albinism. In general, these systems contrasted types of albinism having almost no pigmentation with types having slight pigmentation. In less pigmented types of albinism, hair and skin are cream-colored, and vision is often in the range of 20/200. In types with slight pigmentation, hair appears more yellow or red-tinged, and vision often corrects to 20/60.Early descriptions of albinism called these main categories of albinism â€Å"complete† and â€Å"incomplete† albinism. Later researchers used a test that involved plucking a hair root, and seeing if it would make pigment in a test tube. This test separated â€Å"ty-neg† (no pigment) from â€Å"ty-pos† (some pigment). Further research showed that this test was inconsistent, and added little information to the clinical exam.†

Free Essays on Sad Dreams

Sad Dreams Introduction My name is Symantha Wolfe. I come from the small town called Taos. I also come from a house hold of one sister, but no brothers, a loving mother, and last but certainly not least a loving grandma. Their names are Randi Lee Wolfe (sister), Tina Irene Wolfe (mom), and my loving grandma Cathy Marie Wolfe. I was born in Taos but raised in Espanola. I will start by giving you an idea of what I am going to write about. I will tell you about a dream I had a long time ago. But will kindly request that this information be kept private thank you. The dream I will tell you about is kind of a ghost story but kind of not a ghost story. I will begin by telling you about my dream. But first I will tell you about what I did right before I went to bed. Ok! That night I had put on my pajamas, a T-shirt and a pair of shorts so I could go to bed. I got into my bed and the last time I remember looking at the clock I was 12:46pm. I finally fell asleep. I had dreamed I was walking through a cemetery at night. I was all dressed in black. I had started I walking through the cemetery when I saw my great, great grandmas grave. I had just then realized I was in the old cemetery in Taos because that was where my great, great grandma was buried. In the distance I could see a shadow coming toward me. I had got scared at first but then I saw it was my grandma. She had walked up to me and said, â€Å"its ok it’s just me, your great, great grandma. I just came to tell you then even though I will not be with you physically I will be with you mentally.† She had also said that she would always be with you if I would need her she would always be there for me. She was just about to leave when I asked her if she would stay with me for a while just so I wouldn’t have to wake up and be so sad because she was not there with me. She agreed to stay with me for a while so I would not be lonely. See when she died I felt like I had lost the only... Free Essays on Sad Dreams Free Essays on Sad Dreams Sad Dreams Introduction My name is Symantha Wolfe. I come from the small town called Taos. I also come from a house hold of one sister, but no brothers, a loving mother, and last but certainly not least a loving grandma. Their names are Randi Lee Wolfe (sister), Tina Irene Wolfe (mom), and my loving grandma Cathy Marie Wolfe. I was born in Taos but raised in Espanola. I will start by giving you an idea of what I am going to write about. I will tell you about a dream I had a long time ago. But will kindly request that this information be kept private thank you. The dream I will tell you about is kind of a ghost story but kind of not a ghost story. I will begin by telling you about my dream. But first I will tell you about what I did right before I went to bed. Ok! That night I had put on my pajamas, a T-shirt and a pair of shorts so I could go to bed. I got into my bed and the last time I remember looking at the clock I was 12:46pm. I finally fell asleep. I had dreamed I was walking through a cemetery at night. I was all dressed in black. I had started I walking through the cemetery when I saw my great, great grandmas grave. I had just then realized I was in the old cemetery in Taos because that was where my great, great grandma was buried. In the distance I could see a shadow coming toward me. I had got scared at first but then I saw it was my grandma. She had walked up to me and said, â€Å"its ok it’s just me, your great, great grandma. I just came to tell you then even though I will not be with you physically I will be with you mentally.† She had also said that she would always be with you if I would need her she would always be there for me. She was just about to leave when I asked her if she would stay with me for a while just so I wouldn’t have to wake up and be so sad because she was not there with me. She agreed to stay with me for a while so I would not be lonely. See when she died I felt like I had lost the only...

Free Essays on Goblin Market

alone. Its subject matter is up front and will be outlined first in the paper. However, the second story is deeper and must be read analytically using the physical objects and characters as symbols for religious imagery and theme. In the first stanza the reader encounters the goblin’s cry, â€Å"Come buy our orchard fruits,/ come buy, come buy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  First of all, the reader must ask: â€Å"who are these goblins?†, â€Å"what is the cost to buy their fruits?† and â€Å"what fruits are they selling?†. Within the next stanza the reader meets Laura and Lizzie, two sisters wandering around in the evening watching goblin men. To be more precise, Laura is watching the goblins and Lizzie is hiding from them. These two young women are the main characters throughout Rossetti’s poem. The goblin men have fruit to sell and Laura is in a buying mood, Lizzie however gets scared and runs home. Laura lingers and buys the succulent fruit from the goblin men. The price for the precious fruit was nothing but a golden lock of hair. Laura went home and promised to bring fruit for Lizzie the next night. However, when the following nights came and went, Laura could not hear the cr ies of the goblin men. Her health was waning and when she co! uld hold on to life no longer, Lizzie went to the goblins to buy their forbidden fruit for Laura. After Lizzie bought the fruit and refused to eat it with the goblin men they taunted her and pressured her, pressed the fruit to her lips and let the juices drip onto ... Free Essays on Goblin Market Free Essays on Goblin Market Nearly all of the objects and characters in Christina Rosssetti’s poem â€Å"Goblin Market† are symbolic of theories or ideas from the Christian religion. Through careful analysis of the poem, religious symbols become clear and can be seen by any wary reader. In fact, the symbolism in this poem is so abundant that there appears to be two stories within the framework of one poem. The first story in the poem is one that is read by the words alone. Its subject matter is up front and will be outlined first in the paper. However, the second story is deeper and must be read analytically using the physical objects and characters as symbols for religious imagery and theme. In the first stanza the reader encounters the goblin’s cry, â€Å"Come buy our orchard fruits,/ come buy, come buy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  First of all, the reader must ask: â€Å"who are these goblins?†, â€Å"what is the cost to buy their fruits?† and â€Å"what fruits are they selling?†. Within the next stanza the reader meets Laura and Lizzie, two sisters wandering around in the evening watching goblin men. To be more precise, Laura is watching the goblins and Lizzie is hiding from them. These two young women are the main characters throughout Rossetti’s poem. The goblin men have fruit to sell and Laura is in a buying mood, Lizzie however gets scared and runs home. Laura lingers and buys the succulent fruit from the goblin men. The price for the precious fruit was nothing but a golden lock of hair. Laura went home and promised to bring fruit for Lizzie the next night. However, when the following nights came and went, Laura could not hear the cr ies of the goblin men. Her health was waning and when she co! uld hold on to life no longer, Lizzie went to the goblins to buy their forbidden fruit for Laura. After Lizzie bought the fruit and refused to eat it with the goblin men they taunted her and pressured her, pressed the fruit to her lips and let the juices drip onto ... Free Essays on Goblin Market Reader Response on â€Å"The Poor Singing Dame† By: Mary Robinson I choose the poem, â€Å"The Poor Singing Dame† because I saw the revelance it has in today society. We have citizens who are still being controlled by our rich society. In fact, we still believe in hero’s that steal from the rich and give to the poor. Also, being a woman I can relate to the relationship between the man’s jealouse of happy woman. I like the poem because it’s interesting to know that in our complex world we still have simple problems like they did in the early 1800’s. The morale of the story is, what goes around comes around in other words karma. In the poem, it is the hauting of nature and his conscience that gets the jealouse Lord back and eventually leads to his demise. The story line also represents to me a rich Lords jealousy of a peasant woman’s happiness. It makes me notice the idea that this world is not a woman’s world. It seems for as long as men and women have existed there has always been a higher power bestowed in men. To me, I think that I get the idea of men having this special power because a woman worte this poem.Overall I enjoyed the poem. It definently opened my eyes to the way that life really is....

Definition and Examples of Adages in English

Definition and Examples of Adages in English An adage is an ancient saying or maxim, brief and sometimes mysterious, that has become accepted as conventional wisdom. In classical rhetoric, an adage is also known as a rhetorical proverb or  paroemia. An adage- such as The early bird gets the worm- is a condensed and memorable expression. Often its a type of metaphor.It is sometimes claimed that the  expression old adage  is redundant, say the editors of the American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style,inasmuch as a saying must have a certain tradition behind it to count as an adage in the first place. But the word adage  [from the Latin for I say] is first recorded in the phrase old adage, showing that this redundancy is itself very old. Pronunciation:  AD-ij Examples Know thyself.Alls well that ends well.Out of nothing, nothing can come.Art lies in concealing the art.From flowers, bees make honey and spiders poison.A stitch in time saves nine.Not quantity, but quality.Make haste slowly.Physician, heal thyself.Respect thyself, if thou wouldst be respected by others.The people reign, the elite rule.Knowledge equals power.Love conquers all.If you want peace, prepare for war.Who will guard the guards?What hurts us instructs us.Whom the gods destroy they first make mad.Give your child to a slave, and instead of one slave you will have two.A great city is a great solitude.Carpe diem. (Seize the day.)Be mindful of dying.Better late than never.The squeaky wheel gets the grease. Adages and Cultural Values [C]onsider the cultural values that adages, or common sayings, express. What is meant by the American saying, Every man for himself? Does it reflect the idea that men, and not women, are the standard? Does it reflect individualism as a value? What is meant by The early bird catches the worm?Distinct values are expressed in adages from other cultures. What values are expressed in the Mexican proverb, He who lives a hurried life will soon die? How is this view of time different from dominant views of time in the United States? In Africa, two popular adages are The child has no owner and It takes a whole village to raise a child, and in China a common saying is No need to know the person, only the family (Samovar Porter, 2000). A Japanese adage states that it is the nail that sticks out that gets hammered down (Gudykunst Lee, 2002). What values are expressed by these sayings? How are they different from mainstream Western values and the language that embodies them?(Julia T. Wood, Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters, 7th ed. Wadsworth, 2013) Tools of Persuasion As indirect tools of persuasion, adages are understandably attractive to people who judge direct confrontation and criticism inappropriate in many contexts.(Ann Fienup-Riordan, Wise Words of the Yupik People. University of Nebraska Press, 2005) Age as a Part of Adage Dictionaries (with a single exception) affirm in one way or another that an adage is a long-established saying; therefore the old [in the expression old adage] is redundant. Incidentally, an expression that someone thought up yesterday is not an adage. To put it another wayand this is obviousage is a part of adage. (Theodore M. Bernstein, The Careful Writer: A Modern Guide to English Usage. Simon Schuster, 1965) Safire on Adages Those of us who enjoy living in synonymy know that an adage is not quite as graven in collective wisdom as a proverb or a maxim; it is not as legalistic as a dictum or as scientific as an axiom or as sentimental as a homily or as corny as a saw, nor as formalized as a motto, but it is more rooted in tradition than an observation. (William Safire, Spread the Word. Times Books, 1999) The Adagia (Adages) of Desiderius Erasmus (1500; rev. 1508 and 1536) Erasmus was an avid collector of proverbs and aphorisms. He compiled all the expressions he could find in the works of the classical Greek and Latin authors he loved, and provided a brief history and explication for each one. When I considered the important contributions made to elegance and richness of style by brilliant aphorisms, apt metaphors, proverbs, and similar figures of speech, I made up my mind to collect the largest possible supply of such things. he wrote. So in addition to Know thyself, readers of Erasmuss Adages are treated to pithy accounts of the origins of such expressions as to leave no stone unturned, to cry crocodile tears, no sooner said than done, clothes make the man, and everyone thinks his own fart smells sweet. Erasmus added to and revised the book throughout his life, and by the time he died in 1536 he had collected and explained 4,151 proverbs. Erasmus intended the book to be a Bartletts Familiar Quotations for 16th-century after-dinner speakers: a resource for writers and public orators who wanted to spice up their speeches with well-placed quotes from the classics. (James Geary, The World in a Phrase: A Brief History of the Aphorism. Bloomsbury USA, 2005) Many hands make light work.Put the cart before the horseWalk the tightropeCall a spade a spadeBetween friends all is common.To die laughingLike father, like sonThe project of the Adages, like many manuals published in the 16th century, was to harvest all possible vestiges of antiquity and put them at the disposal of scholars. In this particular case, Erasmus sought to collect and explain proverbs, aphorisms, ï ¬ gurative expressions, all sorts of more or less enigmatic sayings. . . . An adage is like a bud that contains the latent promise of a flower, an enigmatic expression, a mystery to unravel. The ancients veiled their messages, deposited clues to their culture in their language; they wrote in code. The modern reader breaks the code, opens the coffers, takes out the secrets and publishes them, even at the risk of altering their force. The author of Adages [Erasmus] acted as an intermediary, made a profession of displaying and multiplying. So it was normal that his book, both cornucopia and organ of distribution, would operate with centrifugal dynamics. (Michel Jeanneret, Perpetual Motion: Transforming Shapes in the Renaissance from Da Vinci to Montaigne, 1997. Translated by Nidra Poller. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001) The Lighter Side of Adages: George Burns and Gracie Allen Special Agent Timothy McGee: I think its time you get back on that horse.Special Agent Ziva David: Youre getting a pony?Special Agent Timothy McGee: Its an adage.Special Agent Ziva David: I am not familiar with that breed.(Sean Murray and Cote de Pablo in Identity Crisis. NCIS, 2007)

Critique of the Article Evaluating Workplace English Programs Essay

Critique of the Article Evaluating Workplace English Programs - Essay Example The authors set the context for the article by describing a boom in the provision of workplace English classes which occurred between 1988 and 1994 when the US Department of Education committed some 133 million dollars to such programs with a view to â€Å"better the workers’ reading, writing, and communication skills, which would lead to improved worker productivity.† (Ekkens and Winke, 2006, p. 267) The funding ceased, leaving individual companies with the costs of continuing this initiative, and also with the task of ensuring the suitability and the quality of provision for their own specific needs. While larger companies can afford to hire a specialist service provider to deliver and monitor programs, smaller companies are often in some difficulty with this complex task. The article addresses the need to identify practical and efficient ways of judging the progress that workplace learners of English make. One issue which causes difficulty is the proliferation of sta ndardized tests which could be used to evaluate workplace English programs. The authors list five professionally produced and standardized tests, each of which specifies that training in the testing method must be undertaken before the tests are administered. This in turn implies high costs either in training such personnel or in hiring such staff to undertake the work. The focus of these five is national and general, rather than local and specific which raises the issue of whether they are in fact at all suitable for the needs of small and tightly focused companies which may have priorities and conditions quite different from those of the national testing bodies. So far the authors have outlined the context well, and have identified some of the practical difficulties that practitioners in the field encounter. The literature review at the start of the article summarizes the work of Sticht (1999) on the gap between what testing systems test, and what participants in English language courses and their companies actually require in terms of day to day demands of the job. A case is made for more personalized assessment methods such as â€Å"portfolios, journals, observations checklists, ans diaries† (Ekkens & Winke, 2006, p. 269) following research with a pedagogic rather than quality control focus (Huerta-Macias, 1995; Grognet, 1996 and 1997; Shohamy, 2001). Although this research shows that there are clear benefits for individual learners, in terms of becoming more aware of and taking responsibility for their own learning progress, and there are some other advantages such as a rise in learner self-esteem, the authors note that these methods take more time to develop, operate and score, and most significant of all for workplace learning providers, they are often not recognized by funding bodies. Critics of these alternative assessment methods maintain that they are too subjective and therefore unreliable as measures of progress or predictors of workplace s uccess (Brantmeier, 2006). The authors cite an interesting article by Peirce, Swain and Hart (1993) but do not take full account of this article’s insights, albeit in a context of Swedish students learning French, into the serious discrepancy that exists between learners’ own assessment when compared with formal tests. The article formulates the research question very

The Modern Temper by Lynn Dumenil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Modern Temper by Lynn Dumenil - Essay Example This stage of history is claimed by the author to have established â€Å"the central motifs that have shaped the modern American temper.† While she acknowledges how important the role is of World War I being a tool or process of making the ‘roaring twenties’ happen, Dumenil does not believe in the common knowledge which infers that World War I is hugely responsible for such an outcome on which various aspects of change in American society, politics, economy, and culture are embedded. To her, it seems that the main source points to the major events of the industrial revolution as well as the consequences of a rapidly industrialized culture within a capitalist society. This is to say that World War I serves only to polish the results in the overall image of progressive economy or the idea of prosperity which caused population to shift from rural regions to urban locations believed to possess centers of commerce and adequate employment to support good living standards. Among a number of trends which are quite vivid in her investigation of the 1920s, the expanding bureaucratic form of government is prominent yet somewhat notorious for yielding to excessive power which had stirred general distrust across the nation. By noting how a U.S. representative kept an argument about daylight-savings time in a wartime program, Dumenil demonstrates how federal laws are exercised even in handling petty matters of politics, sarcastically reacting â€Å"we might soon have laws passed attempting to regulate the volume of air a man should breathe, suspend the laws of gravity, or change the colors of the rainbow.† Alongside the increasing state of bureaucracy emerged urban liberalism and pluralism in America’s heterogeneous society. Coupled with a mass-consumer culture, this led to unequal distribution of wealth so that social movements which influenced different religious, ethnic, and cultural groups were

A global economic and financial boom in the 20th and 21st century Essay

A global economic and financial boom in the 20th and 21st century - Essay Example There was a global economic and financial boom in the 20th and 21st century.This resulted in tremendous growth of opportunities for businessmen, investors, governments, financial intermediaries and other financial institutions to invest their money. In other words, they needed to create a portfolio of assets that lead to high returns with assets that do not yield very high returns, but are safe. The major objective behind this investment strategy was to maximize the wealth and at the same time make sure that the investment would not lead to credit risk or risk of default. Before making any investment, investors are required to price the assets clearly. This requires knowledge of financial statement analysis and security analysis. Those investors who lack the financial guile and knowledge suffered in the long-run. Investment analysis is a detailed field of study. It combines theory of financial evaluation with the practical implications. The task is tough, but it is by no means imposs ible. Analysts combine various financial techniques such as NPV, security valuations, IRR and other tools of investment appraisal to evaluate the investment opportunities they have. The investment decision is usually based on the return on investment and safety of investment. However, there is a negative correlation between the two. High yielding assets are usually not very safe. Safe assets usually do not have very high yields. Investors face a dilemma, either to go for riskier assets and earn high rate of return or to go for safe assets at the cost of high rates of return. The final decision is based on the risk appetite of the investors. However, in the modern world, very few investors choose to invest in one kind of asset. Investors usually create portfolios to make sure that their investment is safe and at the same time it earn them sufficient rate of return (Investopedia.com, 2011). The other considerations for making investment decisions include liquidity of the security, obl igations, credit rating, past performance trends and risk mitigation. All of these measures are assessed carefully in order to make rational investment decisions. There are three types of financial statements that are usually used for making the financial decisions. These include balance sheet, profit and loss (income statement) and cash flow statement. These statements give accurate picture of the financial position of the firm along with its financial performance and the liquidity of the firm. Balance sheet consists of three main sections. The firm section gives the picture of the short-term and long-term assets of the firm. These assets enable the firm to earn money in the future. The second part of the balance sheet describes the liabilities of a firm. These represent the long-term and short-term obligations of the company. This money is owed by the firm to its creditors and failure to meet these obligations can result in bankruptcy of the firm. The third part of the balance she et represents the owner’s equity. This part represents the claim on the assets by the owner’s. The second statement used by the financial analysts is the income statement. Income statement usually describes the profitability of the firm. It is calculated by deducting revenues from expenditures. The third statement used by the financial analysts is the cash flow statement. This statement represents the liquidity position of the organization. This statement shows the actual movement of the cash in the organization. Since most of the organizations are using the accrual based accounting system, the profit figure becomes irrelevant without using the cash flow statement. Hence, income statement and cash flow sta

Paper on Educational Preparation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paper on Educational Preparation - Essay Example According to American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2014), their differences in ability may not be evident in the early stages of nursing practice but are often pronounced as individual graduates gain confidence and experience in individual areas. This paper focuses on Differences in competencies between nurses prepared at the Associate-degree level versus the Baccalaureate-degree level. The baccalaureate graduate nurse is equipped with knowledge, skills and competence to practice with different patients including, groups, individual families, populations and communities across the lifespan and within the environment of healthcare. In this regard, baccalaureate graduates do not only understand, but also appreciate possible variations of care, high level use of healthcare resources and high complexity which are vital in caring for patients. Associate graduate examines the underlying clinical nursing practice evidence with a view to change the status quo; provide new insights to improve care while questioning assumptions and improve quality of care for communities, patients and their families. On the other hand baccalaureate graduates are mainly evolving scholars who contribute a lot to the development of nursing practice as a science. They are more competent in questioning and critiquing published research and findings of various studies. In this regard, they bring n ew knowledge into nursing practice by using current evidence as the start point to propose, innovative, creative and evidence based solutions to problems related to clinical practice. Wider approach to nurse education through baccalaureate degree improves professional growth of graduate nurses thus prepared them for a wider scope of practice. This is because courses are taught in depth in social, humanities, sciences, physical and nursing management. The additional skills

Business and Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Business and Society - Assignment Example Many authors are of the opinion that usually firms and large organizations focus on economic and environmental sustainability but they usually miss social sustainability (Freeman 2005). A community is not just about the environment rather the people living in the community are also of equal importance. The importance of social environment of any community or the organization is equally important as the physical environment of that particular community. Therefore, the companies should consider the social sustainability among its top focus priorities. It is one of the basic pillars for the social development in the society (Freeman 2005). A socially sustainable business definitely means a business, which is good in its operations and other related areas. By adopting the social sustainability practices, a business actually mitigates or reduces the amount of possible risks. These risks can be associated with the social and human issues related to the activities of the organization. For example if I have a site for my business which is unsafe for the labor working over here then it means that I am not fulfilling my responsibility of being socially sustainable. The worst situation will occur, if the workers may face any contingency because of that unsafe building. Therefore, we can say that a true sense of social sustainability is very much important and necessary for the company to be effective in the community. All of us are very much familiar with the term of work place ethics. The work place ethics may include all the ethical and moral values and codes of conducts, which must be fulfilled whenever we are working in any organization. If we consider the work place ethics from managerial point of view, then the provision of healthy and safe work place environment is also the responsibility of the managers. The work place or the working site should be designed in a way that people may not feel any hazard or harm in working here. This is the whole and sole

Paper on Educational Preparation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paper on Educational Preparation - Essay Example According to American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2014), their differences in ability may not be evident in the early stages of nursing practice but are often pronounced as individual graduates gain confidence and experience in individual areas. This paper focuses on Differences in competencies between nurses prepared at the Associate-degree level versus the Baccalaureate-degree level. The baccalaureate graduate nurse is equipped with knowledge, skills and competence to practice with different patients including, groups, individual families, populations and communities across the lifespan and within the environment of healthcare. In this regard, baccalaureate graduates do not only understand, but also appreciate possible variations of care, high level use of healthcare resources and high complexity which are vital in caring for patients. Associate graduate examines the underlying clinical nursing practice evidence with a view to change the status quo; provide new insights to improve care while questioning assumptions and improve quality of care for communities, patients and their families. On the other hand baccalaureate graduates are mainly evolving scholars who contribute a lot to the development of nursing practice as a science. They are more competent in questioning and critiquing published research and findings of various studies. In this regard, they bring n ew knowledge into nursing practice by using current evidence as the start point to propose, innovative, creative and evidence based solutions to problems related to clinical practice. Wider approach to nurse education through baccalaureate degree improves professional growth of graduate nurses thus prepared them for a wider scope of practice. This is because courses are taught in depth in social, humanities, sciences, physical and nursing management. The additional skills

Vishnu-Mythology God Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Vishnu-Mythology God - Research Paper Example Vishnu is responsible for sustaining and maintaining the universe. Shiva is the destroyer who time and again annihilates the old order, so that new life can emerge. Vishnu is the most worshiped god amongst the Hindus, especially amongst the Vaishnavite sect of Hinduism. Even a cursory study of the Hindu philosophy and mythology reveals that it is not that the beliefs of Hindus were not based on logic and rationality evident in the ways of nature. However, to a great extent, like the Egyptians and the ancient Chinese, Hindus preferred to personify their essentials beliefs and faith in the guise of mythological characters, gods and demons. This approach served many purposes. It allowed the commoners to grasp the eternal tussle between the good and the bad in a more visually understandable way (Pattanik 21). Besides, considering the fact that in the times when the essential Hindu theology emerged, it was common to disseminate religious doctrines by word of mouth instead of writing them (Pattanik 21). So, the mythological characters and the stories and myths associated with them made it easier to spread religious beliefs from one person to other, from teacher to disciple and from one generation to other. Vishnu is one major god of the Hindu mythology that accrued the awe and reverence of Hindus, in measures which supersede any other god of Hindu mythology. Iconography Primarily speaking, Hindu religion since times immemorial has been a visual religion. Each and every god of the Hindu mythology is associated with a definite form, character, and the accompanying weapons and accoutrements, which besides being visually appealing connote a specific and deeper meaning (Dimmitt 44). The forms of most of the Hindu gods have not changed since times immemorial, a trend that depicts the timelessness and eternal appeal of this faith. Like many other gods, Vishnu also has a specific form and look, depicted in the ancient and contemporary iconography, and cherished and elaborate d on in the ancient texts. In the ancient icons and texts, Vishnu is presented as being blue colored. Simply speaking, the blue color of Vishnu depicts his all pervasiveness. The blue is the color of the sky. The ocean is also always blue. Also, both the sky and the ocean are endless and immense. Similarly, the blue color of Vishnu connotes that god is all pervasive and is present everywhere. Nothing could be hidden from the eyes of god. Also, Vishnu is a male god who is always shown as having four arms. These four arms of Vishnu again convey the all pervasiveness of god, but albeit in a more elaborate way. The front two arms of Vishnu convey his pervasiveness in the physical world. The two arms at the back of Vishnu uphold him as a master and lord of the spiritual world. Surprisingly, in this way the ancient Hindus it seems to have done away with the dichotomy between the physical and the spiritual existence, or in Western terms, between the mind and the matter. In most of the icon s, Vishnu is shown as wearing a crown that conveys his sovereignty over the entire universe. Also, the earrings in both the ears of Vishnu convey the organization of the universe in terms of opposites that are good and bad, wise and foolish, big and small, beautiful and ugly and so on. Interestingly, while on the one side goodness, wisdom and beauty are shown as the accessories of Vishnu, he is equally adorned by evil, pettiness and ugliness. This in a way conveys the Hindu philosophical belief that the Universe can survive

Probable Cause and Arrest by Private Citizens Essay Example for Free

Probable Cause and Arrest by Private Citizens Essay The US Constitution states that probable cause is a standard allowing police officers to make an arrest, to obtain a warrant and to conduct property search or personal search. Probable cause suggests that a person has already committed crime or about to do it. Actually, probable cause is situation when a person is reasonably suspected. Grant jury believes that a crime is committed and particular person is suspected. For example, if police officer reasonably suspects that that a person is illegally sells drugs, there is a probable cause to stop him and to conduct personal search. Nevertheless, it is necessary to underline that people are secured by the Constitution from unreasonable searches because it is violation of their human rights. It is necessary to note that probable cause is stronger than simply reasonable suspicion. (Schwegel 2006) Arrest by private citizens or citizen’s arrest is any arrest which is performed by a civilian person. Moreover, the arresting person may not be the citizen of the country where his actions are made. For example, North Caroline permits arrest by private citizens in case if citizens witnesses a felony crime and when a person is asked for help by police officers. Citizens may detain suspicious person is there is a probable cause for committing crime, breach of peace, or physical injuries to another person. In such situation arresting person is responsible for delivering the suspected person to police officer. US Constitution states that arrest is legal action, but it should avoid abusing power if evidence isn’t enough. Probable cause and arrest by private citizens are interrelated because probable cause is the ground for arresting person who has committed a felony or offense. Often suspects are released due to lack of evidence and, therefore, before arresting a police officer or civilian should consider whether there is a reasonable cause of making arrest. (Grossack 1994) Works Cited Schwegel, Theresa. Probable Cause. USA: St. Martin’s Minotaur, 2006. Grossack, David. Citizen’s Arrest. 1994. Available at http://www.constitution.org/grossack/arrest.htm   November 18, 2007.

Oxalate Complexes of Iron

Oxalate Complexes of Iron In coordination chemistry there are different types of ligands. Monodentate ligands donate only one lone pair to the metal ion. Bidentate ligands donate two pairs of electrons such as the oxalate ligands which can bind at two sites with the metal ion, thus a coordination number of three ligands around one metal ion. Oxalate has four oxygens with each having a lone pair but it only uses two lone pairs to form a coordination compound.There are also multidentate ligands such as the EDTA which donate more than two pairs of electrons. Oxalate is can be regarded as a chelating agent. This means that two or more bonds are being broken so that the ligand would be separated from the metal. These chelating ligands provide more stability to the complex than those with monodentate ligands.1 The potassium trioxalatoferrate (III) trihydrate and the iron (II) oxalate have a stereochemistry of an octahedral. The oxalate ion is a weak field ligand according to the spectrochemical series. The Fe2+ has 6 electron in its d orbitals while Fe3+ would have 5 electrons. The unpaired electrons of the iron (III) would have a high spin and so behave paramagnetically. Fe2+ and Fe3+ electrons can either distribute themselves either in a low spin or a high spin arrangement. An example of the arrangement which is more favoured according to Hunds rule 3d 4s 4p 3d 4s 4p Iron can accept 6 pairs of electrons because the orbitals are hybridised in a way to produce 6 orbitals of equal energy. A redox titration is a type of reaction which is based on redox equations between the analyte and the titrant. Reduction-oxidation reactions are reactions where one of the component is being oxidized such as iron (II) to iron (III) thus becoming more positively charged while the other is being reduced thus it is gaining electrons and will become less positive in its nature. Potassium permanganate has the formula of MnO4- which can be reduced to Mn2+ in reducing conditions. This is an oxidizing agent. In this experiment the iron (II) oxalate and potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate were analysed. Then these two salts were analyzed for their iron and oxalate content and also the empirical formula of each salt was determined. Apparatus: Pasteur pipette, weighing boat, spatula, watch glass, measuring cyclinder stirring rod, Buchner funnel ,stopper, heating mantle, balance, beakers, thermometer, filter paper, ice-salt bath, flasks. Chemicals: Chemical Brand Grade Ferrous ammonium sulfate GPR Aldrich Oxalic acid dihydrate GPR N/A 2M sulphuric acid GPR BDH Acetone GPR BDH Iron(II) oxalate GPR N/A Potassium oxalate monohydrate GPR BDH Hydrogen peroxide GPR BDH Ethanol GPR BDH Potassium permanganate GPR BDH Zinc GPR Carlo Erba Method: Experiment A: Preparation of Iron(II) Oxalate 15g of ferrous ammonium sulphate were dissolved in 50cm3 of warm water which has been acidified with 2M sulphuric acid (1cm3). 75cm3 of 10% oxalic acid solution was added with rapid stirring. The mixture was heated gently to the boiling point and then the yellow precipitate of ferrous oxalate was allowed to settle. The precipitate was removed by filtration on a Buchner funnel. It was washed thoroughly with hot water and then with acetone. The product was allowed to dry on the funnel under suction and weighed. The product was used for the next section. Experiment B: Preparation of potassium trioxalatoferrate(III)Trihydrate 3.25g of ferrous oxalate was suspended in a warm solution of potassium oxalate (5g in 15cm3 water. 15cm3 of 20vol hydrogen peroxide was added from a burette whilst the solution was stirred continuously and maintained at 40OC. The solution contained the precipitate of ferric hydroxide. This was removed by heating the solution to boiling. 10cm3 of 10% oxalic acid and then a further small amount of oxalic acid was added dropwise until the precipitate just dissolved. During the addition of oxalic acid, the solution was maintained near the boiling point. The hot solution was filtered. 15cm3 of ethanol was added to the filtrate, any crystals that were formed by gentle heating were re-dissolved and put in a dark cupboard to crystallise. The crystals were collected by filtration on a Buchner funnel. These were washed with an equivolume mixture of ethanol and water and finally with acetone. This was dried,weighed and the product kept in the dark. Experiment C: The analysis of the products for iron and oxalate Iron(II) oxalate 0.3g of oxalate was dissolved in 25cm3 of 2M sulphuric acid. The solution was heated to 60OC and titrated with 0.02M standard potassium permanganate solution until the first permanent pink colour was observed. 2g of zinc dust were added to the solution and boiled for 25 minutes. It was filtered through the glass wall and the residual was washed with 2M sulphuric acid. The washings were added to the filtrate and this was titrated with a solution of standard potassium permanganate The percentages of iron, oxalate, water of crystallisation in the product and the empirical formula were determined. Potassium trioxalateoferrate(III) trihydrate 0.2g of the complex were dissolved in 25cm3 2M sulphuric acid. This was titrated with 0.02M standard potassium permanganate solution until the first permanent pink colour was observed. 2g of zinc dust were added to the solution and boiled for 25 minutes. This was filtered through a glass wool and the residual was washed with 2M sulphuric acid. The washings were added to the filtrate and this was titrated with a solution of standard potassium permanganate. The percentage of iron and oxalate in the complex was determined. These were compared to the theoretical values. Results: Experiment A: Ferrous oxalate: 7.478g Experiment B Potassium oxalate:5.058g Potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) hydrate:6.019g Ferrous oxalate:3.273g Experiment C: Iron oxalate: 0.301g Volume of potassium permanganate Initial Final Titre value Volume of potassium permanganate after adding zinc Initial Final Titre value Potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate:0.200g Volume of potassium permanganate Initial Final Titre value Volume of potassium permanganate after adding zinc Initial Final Titre value Calculation: Iron(II) oxalate Iron(II) and oxalate is oxidized by permanganate to Iron(III) and carbon dioxide Iron(III) is reduced by zinc to Iron(II) MnO4- + 5Fe3+-+ 8H +→Mn2 + + 5Fe2+ + 4H2O Iron 0.02 moles=1000cm3 ? 17.2cm3 3.4410-4 moles 5Fe2+:1MnO4- 1.72X10-3:3.44X10-4moles 1mole=56g 1.7210-3moles=? 0.096g Oxalate 2MnO4- +5C2O42-+16H+→ 2Mn2+ + 10CO2+8H2O 52.4cm3-17.2cm3=35.2cm3 0.02moles=1000cm3 ? 35.2cm3 7.0410-4moles 2MnO-4:5C2O42- 7.04X10-4:1.76X10-3 1mole=88g 1.7610-3moles=? 0.155g Empirical formula 0.096g+0.155g=0.251g 0.301g-0.251g=0.05g 1mole=18g ? = 0.05g 2.7810-3moles 1.7210-3 moles 1.7610-3moles 2.7810-3moles 1.7210-3 moles 1.7210-3moles 1.7210-3moles 1 1.02~1 1 .6 ~ 2 FeC2O4.2H2O % of iron, oxalate and water of crystallisation in Iron(II) oxalate Theoretical Fe C2O4 2H2O 56g 88g 36g 180g 180g 18 31% 49% 20% Experimented Fe C2O4 2H2O 0.096g 0.155g 0.05g 0.301g 0.301g 0.301g 31.89% 51.5% 16.6% Potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate Oxalate is oxidized by permanganate to carbon dioxide Iron(III) is reduced by zinc to Iron(II) Iron MnO4- + 5Fe3+-+ 8H +→Mn2 + + 5Fe2+ + 4H2O 0.02moles=1000cm3 ? 4.1cm3 8.210-5 moles 5Fe2+:1MnO4- 4.110-4moles: 8.210-5 moles 1 mole=56g 4.110-4moles =0.023g Oxalate 2MnO4- +5C2O42-+16H+→ 2Mn2+ + 10CO2+8H2O 0.02 moles=1000cm3 ? 26.4cm3 5.2810-4moles 2MnO4-:5C2O4 5.2810-4:1.3210-3 moles 1 mole=88g 1.3210-3 moles=? 0.116g K3[Fe(C2O4)3].3H2O= RMM 471 % of iron and oxalate in potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate Theoretical K3 Fe (C2O4)3 3H2O 120 56 264 36 471 471 471 471 25.48% 11.9% 56% 7.64% Experimented Fe (C2O4)3 0.023 0.116 0.2 0.2 11.5% of iron in potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate 58% of oxalate in potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate Precautions: The crystals were scraped from the filter paper which could lead to inaccurate filtration. The temperature of the solution was kept above 60oC during the titration of iron oxalate against potassium permanaganate. Titration apparatus was washed accordingly; Pipette and burette were washed first with water and then with the solution. Flasks were washed with water only. It was made sure that the burette was not leaky since it would affect the final result. The product of potassium trioxalatoferate(III) trihydrate was put in a dark cupboard since it is photosensitive causing loss of product. A heating mantle was used instead of a bunsen burner because ethanol is flammable. When the ethanol was added to the filtrate in part B the solution was left to cool down since if the ethanol was added to the hot filtrate the ethanol could have evaporated. Sources of error: Glassware that was not calibrated properly could be a source of error The crystals were not dried completely and so would lead to higher weight. Loss of the product due to transferring from the balance to the flask, due to air currents and unsteady movements. The color of the end point could be misleading as different people have different sensitivity to colors. Hydrogen peroxide could decompose in light and so the oxidation of iron (II) and iron (III) would not be completed. Permanganate solution when allowed to stand in burette can undergo partial decomposition to MnO2. Difficult in seeing the measurements on the burette because of the dark violet produced by the permanganate solution Ferric ion is reddish brown which could have interfered with the observation of the faint pink titration endpoint. Discussion: Preparation of iron(II) oxalate When oxalic acid is added to the mixture of ferrous ammonium sulphate in water and acidified with 2M of sulphuric acid, ions would form in solution. [NH4]2Fe[SO4]2.6H2O + H2O Â ® 2NH4+ + 2SO42- + Fe2+ 2 When adding oxalic acid to the solution oxalate ion forms which then reacts with the iron(II) forming the iron(II) oxalic acid which is the product. This is the yellow precipitate which is removed by precipitation on a Buchner funnel. It is then washed with water and acetone to remove impurities. H2C2O4.2H2O + H2O Â ® 2H+ + [C2O4]2- 2 Fe2++ [C2O4]2- Â ® Fe[C2O4]. 2H2O 2 Preparation of Potassium Trioxalatoferrate(III) Trihydrate When potassium oxalate is added to the ferrous oxalate an orange intermediate complex would be formed. During the preparation of Potassium trioxalatoferrate (III) trihydrate the iron(II) in the iron(II) oxalate have to be oxidized to Iron(III). This is done by an oxidizing agent which in this case hydrogen peroxide is used. A brown precipitate of Iron(III) hydroxide would form 2Fe2+ + H2O2 + 2H+ → 2Fe3+ + 2H2O 3 Fe3+ + 3OH- → Fe(OH)3 3 This could be removed by excess heating. 10% oxalic acid was added and so the oxalate ion could coordinate around the iron(III) metal forming a complex of Fe(C2O4). A green solution would form in this stage. The following net equation would take place converting the iron(III) oxalate to trioxalatoferrate(III) ion. Fe2(C2O4)3 + 3 H2C2O4 + 6 H2O → 2 [Fe(C2O4)3]3- + 6 H3O+ 3 The trioxalatoferrate(III) salt is soluble in water and would not precipitate out from an aqueous solution. Ethanol which is a less polar than water is added so that the salt would precipitate out since it is less soluble in ethanol. The precipitation is added by leaving the mixture overnight so that the salt would precipitate. This is placed in the dark because light would reduce the Iron(III) to Iron(II) 3 K+ + [Fe(C2O4)3]3- → K3[Fe(C2O4)3] 3 Made by Chem.Windows Analysis of the products for iron and oxalate In the last part of the experiment the percentage of iron, oxalate and water of crystallisation was found by titration of the iron(II) oxalate with potassium permanganate which is the titrant. The volume of potassium permanganate needed to react with the known volume of analyte was found. The titration was marked when a faint pink colour appeared. This is the Mn2+ which serves as its own indicator to show when the titration is ready. In the first part the oxalate and iron(II) are both oxidized to Iron(III) and carbon dioxide. Zinc is added which acts as a reducing agent which reduces the iron(III) back to iron(II). When titrating the potassium permanganate with the potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate salt, a faint pink colour is observed when the stoichiometric point has been reached thus titration would be completed. In the first part the oxalate only is oxidized to carbon dioxide since iron(III) is already in its oxidized form. When zinc dust is added to the Iron (III) it is reduced to its reduced form iron(II). The solution would remain colourless until all the oxalate salt is used. The solution is heated to 60OC since if the reaction takes place at room temperature it would be too slow. The oxidation of the oxalate anion which is an organic chelating agent, does not take place very easily. In the presence of a metal ion, the rate of reaction increases since the oxidation would be kinetically more favourable when forming an intermediate metal chelate. 4 In this experiment this type of intermediate had formed during the conversion of the oxalate ion to carbon dioxide by the permanganate ion. 4 The permanganate ion is reduced to a lower oxidation state by taking an electron from the oxalate and so the carbon carbon bond in the oxalate is broken forming carbon dioxide.4 Made by ChemWindows 4 From the results one could observe that the percentages of iron and oxalate in the theoretical yield which are 31% and 49% respectively are quite comparable to those percentages of the theoretical which are 31.89% and 51.5%. The theoretical percentage where brought by comparing the iron and oxalate to the RMM of the iron (II) oxalate. The theoretical % of water of crystallisation in this compound is 20% which resulted to be in close proximity to the experimented value that of 16.6%. When working the empirical formula of the oxalate iron an approximation was taken and so it was not very accurate. The ratio of 1.02 was rounded to 1 and the ratio of 1.6 was rounded to 2 for the water of crystallisation in the salt to result in the empirical formula of FeC2O4.2H2O When working the percentages of iron and oxalate in the potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate the percentages were also very near to the theoretical value since the % of iron in the salt is 11.9% when working the theoretical and the experimented values were worked to be 11.5%. On the other hand, theoretically 56% of the trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate is oxalate and 58% oxalate in experimented value. Conclusion: One can conclude that the aims were reached. The preparation of these two compounds was done so that in the end the percentage of both iron oxalate in the iron(II) oxalate and the potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) trihydrate would be determined. The theoretical percentage of iron and oxalate of the theoretical were approximately very near those that were determined experimentally. The empirical formula of the iron(II)oxalate was also found to be FeC2O4.2H2O

Free Essay: Comparing Heroism in Tess of the DUrbervilles and Othello :: comparison compare contrast essays

Tragic Heroism in Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Othello In tragedy the reader often sympathizes and empathizes with the protagonist who attains "wisdom through suffering." Tess Durbeyfield, in Thomas Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Othello, in William Shakespeare's Othello are protagonists who elicit the sympathy of the reader as they suffer, act, and triumph over their antagonists, who are embodied by the characters of Alec D'Urberville, Tess' wealthy defiler, and Iago, Othello's amoral lieutenant. In both works the protagonists succumb to the pernicious influences of revenge, which are instigated by their antagonists and result in the deaths of the protagonists. Such tragedy in the protagonists' stories allows the reader to experience catharsis and realize the tragic heroism of Tess Durbeyfield and Othello. Tess Durbeyfield, an innocent dairymaid with "innocent instinct towards self-delight," displays her character in her persistent devotion toward Angel Clare, her husband. Her suffering is evident in her defilement by Alec D'Urberville, a wealthy aristocrat, and in her separation from her husband. In the "First Phase" Tess is physically taken advantage of by D'Urberville who recognizes her innocence and vulnerability. Later, in "Phase the Third," she then falls deeply in love with Angel Clare, an affluent agriculturist. Tess soon alienates Angel by revealing her earlier encounter with D'Urberville. Othello is an outsider and soldier who "loved not wisely but too well." His noble character is evident in his overwhelming fidelity towards his wife, Desdemona: "My life upon her faith," and the reader is quickly cognizant of the strong relationship between Othello and his wife. However, he is manipulated by Iago, his amoral lieutenant, and Othello's reality about his wife becomes twisted by Iago, who cleverly uses rhetoric to persuade him that his wife is disloyal. Iago informs the reader of Othello's transformation: "This may do something. The Moor already changes with my poison." Eventually, Othello is driven to murder his wife as a result of Iago's deception: "Get me some poison, Iago, this night. I'll not expostulate with her, lest her body and beauty unprovide my mind again. This night, Iago!" At the conclusion of each work the protagonist reaches a realization of her/his actions and accepts the responsibility for the consequences. In the novel, Tess realizes how D'Urberville abuses her and the importance of Angel Clare, her husband, and therefore murders D'Urberville and begs Clare to accept her into his life again: "I could not bear the loss of you any longer- you don't know how entirely I was unable to bear your not loving me!" Tess accepts the consequences for her actions and accepts her execution: "it was as is should be.

Cisco Products and Specific Customer Groups

In August of 2001, just months after Cisco System reported its first loss a a public company ($ 2. 7 billion), John Chambers, president and CEO, announced a major restructuring that would transform Cisco from a decentralized operation organized around customer groups to a centralized one focused on technologies. This restructuring not only risked destabilizing the large, complex organization during an economic downturn, but more importantly, threatened Cisco’s ability to remain customer-focused, a hallmark of the company’s culture and success since its first product was created in 1986.In order to maintain communication and stimulate ongoing collaboration among the newly independent functional areas, Cisco introduced coordination mechanisms that enable the companies to remain customer-focused. Introduction John Chambers became president and CEO of Cisco Systems in 1995. Over the course of the next several years, the decisions he made and the changes he implemented chall enged traditional business practices, and resulted in incredible growth for the company. When Chambers first started, Cisco was generating annual revenues of $2. 2 billion; just six years later, the company was generating annual revenues of $22.3 billion.All of those results, however, were threatened in the 2001 market downturn. Earlier in the year, the explosive growth in the sales of hardware supporting the Internet began to show serious signs of slowing down, and Cisco Systems, like the rest of the technology industry, was facing the repercussions of the demise of the Internet boom and the first economic downturn in more than a decade. Start-ups, which had enjoyed the benefits of a buoyant stock market, and telecommunications companies began cutting back their overextended IT and network budgets.As a result of the falling demand, Cisco announced its first loss as a public company ($2. 69 billion) in the fiscal quarter ended April 28, 2001 and cut 18% of its workforce. In August, Chambers announced a major organizational restructuring that would transform Cisco from a decentralized operation focused on specific customer groups to a centralized one focused on technologies. While recognizing that a centralized, functional structure was necessary to avoid product and resource redundancies, Chambers also realized that it risked making the company less customer-focused.At the time of the announcement, Chambers asserted that Cisco’s customer-centric culture would offset this drawback, but he knew that more needed to be done to ensure that an organization as large as Cisco would remain customer-focused—technology companies simply could not afford to lose 1 sight of the customer. Chambers knew then that he needed to implement a formal, crossfunctional structure that would keep the company in touch with its customers. Chambers found himself considering an ambitious idea that, if executed, could transform both his company and conventional organizational strategy.He asserted that if Cisco implemented a crossfunctional system of executive-level committees, or councils, that fostered a culture of teamwork and collaboration that the company could scale beyond what anyone else thought possible. The benefits were clear—the cross-functional councils would bring the leaders of different functions together to collaborate and focus on the needs and issues of specific customer groups. Cisco could enjoy the benefits of being a functional organization while retaining its customer-centricity. Still, implementing such a system would be difficult.Many other companies had previously failed at facilitating collaboration across functions, especially large organizations such as Cisco. Chambers began asking himself questions. Would Cisco’s employees, many of whom were accustomed to a command-and-control system, accept a more collaborative model? Could they function in such a system, even with training? Would a cross-functional system work in such a large functional organization? Furthermore, if Cisco moved forward with this idea, how many councils should be formed? How large should they be? Who would sit on and chair them?Where would the decision making power reside? And finally, how could a system be implemented without creating a matrix organization that would impede decision making and generate conflict? These were all important questions, many of which for Chambers did not yet have answers. They were also questions that would discourage most executives from taking the chance. Still, Chambers understood Cisco’s employees and knew what they were capable of. He also knew that if they could succeed, the company would become even stronger financially and organizationally.With 2002 approaching, and the organizational restructuring already being implemented now was the time to act. Market Transformation Despite the challenges presented by the 2001 market downturn, Cisco overcame the sudden drop in product demand . In fact, the company became even stronger after the downturn. By the end of July 2007, Cisco was generating more than $30 billion in revenue and employing 61,535 employees worldwide. Cisco’s total revenue for FY 2007 ($34. 9 billion) was an increase of approximately 23% over FY 2006 revenue’s of $28. 5 billion.Net Income was $7. 3 billion GAAP and $8.4 billion non- GAAP, while Earnings per Share was $1. 17 GAAP (increase of 31% year over year) and $1. 34 non-GAAP (increase of 22% year over year). Part of Cisco’s post-downturn resiliency and success was the result of a transformation in its market focus and product offerings. Signs of this transformation were evident shortly before the downturn, when Cisco invested in its first comprehensive advertising campaign, including television and print, that asked the question, â€Å"Are You Ready? † with the goal of raising consumer awareness of its networking-equipment business and its plans to connect Internet users with its routers and switches.Because Cisco realized that it could not solely rely upon existing demand, the company began diversifying the products it offered and who it was selling those products to. By 2007, Cisco had successfully expanded into advanced technologies such as unified communications, wireless local area networking, home networking, application networking services, network security, storage 2 area networking, and video systems. These advanced technologies resulted in the growth of Cisco’s enterprise (large business) and service provider segments.For instance, by 2007, more than 8 million unified IP phones had been installed worldwide (Cisco was the market share leader in the enterprise voice marketplace); Cisco’s Catalyst 6500, a highperformance modular switch that converges data center, campus, and wide-area network in a single system, surpassed $20 billion in sales; and Cisco’s enterprise customer installed base recently surpassed the 3 million wireless access points milestone. 3 Cisco was also able to successfully integrate the aforementioned advanced technologies with its core routing and switching technologies in products such as its Integrated Services Routers.Additionally, Cisco announced in June 2007 that it had shipped 900 of its Carrier Routing System (CRS-1), which provided continuous system operation to telecommunications service providers and research organizations, since its introduction in 2004. Cisco claimed that customers understood the leadership, total cost of ownership, flexibility, and investment protection advantages they would receive when they installed a Cisco product, which was designed to allow customers to easily and cost-effectively add marketleading voice, data, security, wireless, and other capabilities to their existing Cisco networks.This strategy differentiated Cisco from many of its competitors, which are usually present in only one or two product categories or customer segments, an d often do not integrate their products from an architectural perspective. In a conference call discussing Q4 and FY 2007 financial results, Chambers commented on the importance of this balance and integration: â€Å"We believe that there are a number of factors that are unique to Cisco’s ability to grow.First is our unique balance across over two dozen product areas, four customer segments, and across major developed and emerging countries†¦From a product perspective, we approach the market with an end-to-end architecture where the products are first loosely then tightly integrated together, rather than focusing on individual routers, switches, security, wireless, storage, unified communications, or other standalone products. In addition to diversifying its product and service offerings, Cisco transformed its market focus by finding new growth opportunities in developing economies.Because Chambers knew these opportunities would not get the attention they needed from st andard geographic sales coverage, he created a new sales â€Å"theater† called Emerging Markets, which included 138 countries around the world, regardless of location. Instead of every theater having several emerging markets in their portfolio viewed as low priorities, all the emerging markets were unified into one theater with the same resources and expectations of the other theaters. While several sales leaders functioned throughout the emerging markets, one sales senior vice president (SVP) was ultimately responsible for each theater.Members of the Emerging Markets sales team met with government and business leaders in various countries to discuss â€Å"how Cisco could help their countries develop a stronger economy through Internet access to education, healthcare, and business opportunities†. These and other efforts throughout the theater paid off—growth for FY 2007 in Cisco’s Emerging Markets theater was 40%, the highest growth rate of all five theat ers (e. g. North America; Europe; Asia Pacific; Japan; and Emerging Markets).This performance made Chambers even more confident about the value of emerging markets. â€Å"Our architectural strategy in emerging markets is working extremely well,† he said in the conference call. â€Å"Barring some major economic or political surprises across many of these emerging countries, I would expect this theater to have the potential to grow more than twice the average growth rate of the other four theaters, if we execute effectively. † 3 2001 Organizational Restructuring Cisco also transformed and expanded its market focus through acquisitions.Before the downturn (1993–2000), Cisco was known for its acquisitions; it acquired 71 start-up companies that specialized in both its core and advanced areas, with 41 of those acquisitions occurring between 1999 and 2000. While emerging markets and acquisitions were key in helping Cisco survive the downturn, the company’s 2001 organizational restructuring played an even more important role. In its early days as a start-up, Cisco Systems was organized as a centralized engineering organization. As the company grew rapidly after going public in 1990, it adopted a business unit structure that was organized around primary product groups.This structure lasted until 1997, when the company reorganized itself around three semi-autonomous lines of business, each focusing on a distinct customer type: service providers, large enterprises, and small and medium-sized businesses, which Cisco characterizes as the â€Å"commercial† segment. Within this structure, each of the three lines of business developed and marketed its own products to its specific customer groups. This decentralized organization was created to meet the differing requirements of service providers and SMBs, two groups of customers that were growing rapidly at that time.By creating separate business units, Cisco attempted to meet the needs of e ach without compromise. However, as the market downturn brought about slowing demand and falling revenues, the negative aspects of the segment-centric grouping became clear. Organized behind lines of business focused on the different segments, redundancies in technological development were certainly not surprising—coordination across all technologies relevant to a customer group came at the expense of replicating technology development across customer groups.Still, redundancies became more noticeable at Cisco in the harsh economic environment faced by the company. Each business unit designed and sold its own products to customers in a particular industry, even though each business line produced some similar, if not interchangeable, products. Moreover, differences between customer segments had begun to blur: some enterprise business products suited service provider needs, but the service provider business lacked knowledge of, and access to, them. In some cases, each line of bu siness had a different technology or solution for the same problem.By summer 2001, for example, Cisco had eight different teams developing technology to transmit telephone calls over Internet protocol (IP) networks. As one manager stated, â€Å"Before, we had a service provider customer, enterprise customer, and SMB customer, and we built a complete product line for that customer set. What that did cause was a great deal [of] redundancy of engineering and innovation†¦we had to build the same thing three times over and make things that are 80% the same three times over to satisfy the three requirements. † Facing the realities of the market downturn, Cisco made a change.On August 23, 2001, the company announced a major restructuring that, CEO John Chambers enthused, would bring Cisco closer to its customers, encourage teamwork, and eliminate product and resource overlaps. Cisco shifted from a decentralized operation focused on specific customer groups to a centralized one focused on technologies. Engineering was reorganized around eleven technology groups: Access, Aggregation, Cisco IOS Technologies, Internet Switching and Services, Ethernet Access, Network Management Services, Core Routing, Optical, Storage, Voice, and Wireless.Although the product groups were divided based on 11 technologies, Cisco retained three sales groups based on customer type. Between the technology and sales groups, a central marketing organization was installed to integrate products and technologies into solutions for the customer. A cross-functional â€Å"solutions engineering team† was charged with bringing the 4 different technologies together in a lab, testing them to ensure integration, and then creating blueprints that the customer would use to implement the solution.Marketing and engineering—previously segmented by customer type—were centralized under the chief marketing officer and the chief development officer, respectively. Cisco also expected the new structure to promote more rapid technical innovation by eliminating overlap in R&D. The old structure inhibited the exchange of ideas because engineers worked in separate silos—a solution in one area might have suggested a solution in another, but, claimed one executive, â€Å"You might not hear about it for six months if you are in another business unit.†Implementing the Reorganization While a centralized, functional structure would help Cisco avoid product and resource redundancies, it also carried the risk of making the company less customer-focused because the company was organized around product, and not customer, groups. Whereas before each of the three lines of business developed and marketed its own products to its specific customer groups, each functional unit was now committed to a specific technology, which entailed the risk of dismissing the customer.Despite this risk, however, Cisco moved forward, trusting that its customer-centric approach would offset the effects of a functional structure. Customer advocacy had been imprinted on the company during its founding, when Cisco engineers were building customized products for end users with fairly idiosyncratic needs: â€Å"When we started, we made routers, which were basically software devices, and the sales people would literally go out, talk to the customer, the customer would say ‘I need this protocol,’ and they’d say, ‘We’ve got that.We’ll get the code to you in a week. ’ They would go back, tell the engineering guys that they had to develop it, and the engineers would do it,† said a senior manager. â€Å"That kind of stuff really sets the culture of the company; your job is to figure out what problem you are solving for the customer. And what you do everyday, setting up your activities, your tasks, your programs, your projects, your priorities, is in alignment with that notion of solving the customer’s problem.â € The goal was to try and preserve this customer-focused culture that had been engrained in Cisco ever since its founding. However, managers realized even at the time of the 2001 reorganization that maintaining the same level of customer focus would become increasingly difficult as Cisco grew larger in size. Because the reorganization threatened to push the company away from the customer and towards a more functional structure, Chambers knew that Cisco could not lose its customer-centricity.When asked in 2007 how Cisco was able to maintain its customer focus through the reorganization, he said, â€Å"[Customer focus] has been deeply embedded in our DNA since I came here almost seventeen years ago, and while I’m a very collaborative leader, there are certain aspects of our culture, our vision, our strategy, which are non-negotiable, and customer focus is one of them. † To ensure that this culture would not change, Cisco responded in various ways during the reorganiza tion.

Information Communication Technology Ethics Essay

Reflection (1) Philosophy & Ethics; â€Å"allows us to breakout of prejudices and harmful habits that we held since we were too young or too naà ¯ve to know better†. Also allows us to see and appreciate other views of the world and study it to see â€Å"the consequences of our views†, because what we think & know might not be right â€Å"inconsistent†. What is Ethics? â€Å"Ethics deals with what we should and should not do, what acts are â€Å"good† and â€Å"wrong† â€Å". Ethics in my point of view is a very crucial yet sensitive controversial topic (Fluffy?).As humans there are defiantly dos and don’ts since the day of our birth, but since this is molded and inferred by ones culture, community, circumstances. These rules tend to change from one place to another (region, family culture, religion), also from times to others (eras). It is important to have ethics in our lives to co-exist as humans and have predictable consequences. The difficult part is the sensitive part, where the people are not open enough for change, sometimes not open minded enough for simply discussing their ethics, believes or their code of life, and just want to impose believes, culture, any form of ethics on others who don’t want to follow (you can’t please everyone when it comes to ethics). I personally follow somewhat a mixture of Deontological, virtue Ethics. Reflection (2) There is a difference between your molarity and your professional morality, where your morality doesn’t it always corresponds to the morality that your profession dictates. On the other hand the reason that a person would chooses a certain profession is because of its attractive value system that matches his/her morality and values, but it’s not always the case as discussed in class some people have the ability to switch entirely between their personal and professional lives, and some might be put in a position that opposes their morality and they are fully responsible for their actions and fully aware of the consequences that might follow. Ethics in information communication technology discipline is quite new, mainly because the major advancement in this system is fairly new as well, where it’s constantly changing and developing. The discipline now also occupied a huge rule in our daily lives, where we are almost always in contact with technology from the moment we wake up till the moment we sleep. Digital media significantly now alters our ethical responsibility on one another, because now we live in the digital world â€Å"we can’t assume that our ways work for everyone†, since the world not too long ago wasn’t that close, actions and data didn’t travel that fast, people and cultural ethics were preserved and rarely affected. In the meantime now data is flying everywhere the once local is now global in minutes maybe seconds and it’s just too soon unstudied cultural shocks and misunderstanding occur more often, but with this misunderstanding with the right people is corrected for good and others misconceived for good. By these experiences some therefore ethically knowing the cultural difference would tend to rethink before doing something offensive or controversial to avoid troubles. Reflections (3) Privacy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ we are our data† I do believe that. I also believe that if we are our data we can’t be denied the freedom of using, sharing or hiding it, because it’s a part of you. In this era of computer technology our data can be our thoughts regardless it might be moral or not it still belong to us, where in any other age than ours, it would have been kept the way you choose it to be, but now you can’t help but to feel stalked or judged. The floating â€Å"malleable† â€Å"greased† data privacy is a two edged sword, it can protect from evil and can cause evil and misfortune. And since evil and misfortune always exists and always will, the way it was before is known, which the freedom of our privacy choices is and that is because it will at least control one known evil which is this data misuse. Reflections (4) Intellectual freedom is a basic human right for all humans of all cultures and believes. This freedom has to be respected and protected universally. Furthermore I believe even if this is a basic human right, it must not be abused, and that’s where ethics and morality acts in, because even though you are entitled to your own opinion the person must bear in mind that words are very powerful and can do harm. The controversy between censorship and intellectual freedom, where one of the requirements of intellectual freedom to be fulfilled is that â€Å"the society makes an equal commitment to the right of unrestricted access to information and ideas regardless of the communication medium used, the content of the work/and the viewpoints of both the author and receiver of information.†