Sexism And Prejudice And Discrimination - 1791 Words

As stated in the oxford dictionary a stereotype is ‘a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing’. Stereotyping is a normal, automated aspect to our thinking process and hence is a vast implication to our outlook on society. Stereotyping is a widely observed Psychological topic and it has been suggested that sex, race and age are the most prevalent aspects to stereotyping (Mackie, Hamilton, Sussking and Rosselli,1996.) Therefore discussing all areas and aspects is far beyond the scope of this essay, hence I will be focusing on sexism and present the explanations surrounding this prejudice and discrimination. Sexism is discrimination and prejudice against an individual based on their gender and is still widely apparent in society today although has drastically deteriorated in relation to the past. Most research relating to sexism specifically focuses on women as they have been victim to the majority of prejudice essentially due to their lower status compared to men in relation to business, government and employment. Women still find it increasingly difficult to achieve or obtain top authoritarian positions in advanced companies and organisations; this is known as the ‘glass ceiling’. This is a hypothetical obstacle preventing women achieving leadership goals. Alternatively women may find themselves on a ‘glass cliff’; meaning women are purposefully placed in precarious leadership roles, ahead of men and consequentlyShow MoreRelatedSexism, Prejudice, And Discrimination On The Basis Of Sex1610 Words   |  7 PagesSexism is the prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimi nation on the basis of sex. Sexism is regarded mostly towards women. Sexism affects everyone but not effecting everyone evenly. For women, they suffer from sexism socially, educational, political, religious, social, etc. The idea of sexism is that the men have more power than the women. Women get judged differently than men do. Women get judged in the workplace which limits them to certain jobs. The stereotypes that women are under are unbelievableRead MoreThe Psychology Behind Prejudice : Humans Attitude1089 Words   |  5 Pages The Psychology behind Prejudice: Humans’ Attitude Jacinda Knudtson Antelope Valley College Abstract Prejudice is an opinion in which is not based on any reasoning, and may cause harm. Prejudice can be seen just about anywhere, and it affects our daily lives. There are many different ways a person can show prejudice beliefs, but why do they believe things they have never experience? Some may say it’s something personal with one’s self that causes prejudice thoughts, or some may thinkRead MoreSocial Construction Of Race And Gender1529 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Construction of Race and Gender, Patriarchy and Prejudice and Discrimination in the Society Social construct may be defined as the social mechanism or a category which has been created by the society. It may either be a perception which is created by an individual or an idea which is constructed as a result of the culture. The present society has created a large number of constructs which are not good. In this paper, the discussion will be done on the social construction of raceRead MoreSexism And Racism : Racism And Prejudice Essay1348 Words   |  6 PagesSexism vs Racism Discrimination and prejudice have both been a major problem in our society since the idea of gender and race contacted our brains. Everyone hopes that humankind will change and treat everyone equally and fairly, but this still has yet to happen. Mankind is still treating people as minorities without a second thought. Women are still stereotyped as being too feminine for a â€Å"man’s job†, such as construction or military forces. As well as, men being considered to manly to be ableRead MoreRacism And Racism Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagessimilarities between sexism and racism. Sexism occurs when a person’s gender or sex is used as the basis for discriminating. Females are more susceptible to sexism although males are also susceptible. Sexual harassment and rape are examples of extreme cases of sexism. Racism occurs when people of a particular race or ethnicity are discriminated against or made to feel inferior. The primary outcome of the paper after comparis on is to determine most dehumanizing act between racism and sexism. The first similarityRead MorePrejudice On The Basis Of Race, Gender, And Sexual Orientation976 Words   |  4 PagesPrejudice on the basis of race, gender, and sexual orientation is undeniably a prominent aspect of any society. As the media is a reflection of the society in which it exists, it can be assumed that such prejudiced ideals will be represented in it. Whether or not the media is racist, sexist and homophobic is a controversial topic as every individual member of society has a differing opinion on the matter, usually on account of their own race, etc, and their experiences with discrimination. In orderRead MoreFeminism, Performative, And Gay Outlooks918 Words   |  4 Pages performative, and gay outlooks. Bewitched presents stereotypes that are present with women. Samantha does have access to get an education and stays at home. She cannot make a living outside the home because of her gender. This is referred to as sexism because the presumed sexual identity of Samantha is to be a loving housewife and not a witch. Darrin feels weird about Samantha’s witchcraft because as a man, he has a different role in society. It is supposed to be a dominating male role and heRead MoreRacial Discrimination And Discrimination899 Words   |  4 PagesDiscrimination has been in occurrence in our society more definitively in the past few decades, compared to before the sixteenth century, when the ancient world was so small that physical differences of people went unnoticed (Cashmere and Jennings, page #). I intend to analyze discrimination by looking at racism, sexism and genderism in advertisements from Dove, Nivea, and Bristol CityFox Taxi Firm. This advertisement analysis is going to dig into the underlying factors of discrimination – includingRead MoreThe Power of Unintentional Discrimination Essay741 Words   |  3 PagesRacism and sexism are both examples of discrimination that happen daily in contemporary society. Unfortunatel many instances of discrimination go unnoticed and unchecked because the society, more specifically the United States, is supposedly past the era of discriminatory practices in work, education and day to day living. In fact, racism and sexism can be unintentional as well as intentional and good people who mean well can inadvertently say things that are racist and sexist and homophobic (RothenbergRead MoreChristian Beliefs on Discrimination and Prejudice Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesBeliefs on Discrimination and Prejudice Most Christians agree that discrimination and prejudice are wrong. Both the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England have similar views on racism but slightly differing views on sexism and women in the church. Text Box: Racism /Â’reÄ ±sÄ ±(Éâ„ ¢)m/ n. 1 a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities. And that racial difference produces an inherent superiority of a particular race. 2 racial prejudices or discrimination

What Would The Financial And Development Plan Look Like

What would the financial and development plan look like? While answering the last question, Bennet Woods stated that one of the first things that we needed to do was to formulate a strategy and an immediate one that would emerge and help in evaluating all the assets that the congregation had. This could be divided into two categories, the physical assets of property and the assets of members of the congregation. This would refers to what their gifts and graces would on a personal level and how that could help the church ministry. This being said, we would know from the case study the size of the building and when it was last renovated but we would need to be checking in to make sure that there was not anything that could†¦show more content†¦We would obtain this information through various avenues. The size of the congregation and the number in our team would be beneficial because there would not be too many congregants, while there would be enough staff that we could break up, who would tackle all the congregation at once or, we could break them up and assign a few members of our team to interview all the congregants either through home visits or meals with the congregants. The congregants’ interviews would be two fold, to first ask them what they thought about strengths of the congregation and, what they thought the congregation could bring to the community. The second would be getting to know the congregants on an individual basis so that we could ascertain their level of involvement, their gifts and graces. Another avenue to find these things could be a survey similar to what I have seen it in some congregations. Bennet stated that it be volunteering with different ideas, for new ministries and, seeing what people would be willing to help with. Not only would we use these forms and interviews to find out what they would be willing to help with, but more important would be to learn what they would be in need of. We would need to remember that a congregation would be at the top of priorities and so there ought to be

Disbursement Acceleration Program free essay sample

The Disbursement Acceleration Program (DAP) is a stimulus package under the Aquino administration designed to fast? track public spending, and pushes economic growth. If we are to request a DAP audit, will it answer the following questions: How was the new budget items arrived at? Where did all these monies go? Which were the provinces, cities, and towns? Who were the service providers? Were they chosen thru competitive bidding? And who were the real beneficiaries? There is no rationale at all for allowing the legislators to identify projects. What happened here? Why did the executive department allow this to happen? In this sense, the Disbursement Acceleration Program should not be implemented because it does not contribute in the GDP and economic growth of the country, although it may have been partially successful, its rediscovery has drawn reaction as â€Å"Unlawful†, aside from being unconstitutional, it does not serve, neither its spending was translated to over-all increase of jobs, nor trigger a downturn in poverty incidence. Background Two years ago, the government was roundly criticized for causing an economic slowdown. Upon assumption into office in the third quarter of 2010, the Aquino administration applied the brakes on government spending, particularly on infrastructure. At first, it was because it had little choice; the President lamented how his predecessor had already spent most of the budget allotted for the entire year. In the following year, the spending cutback continued, this time because government, in its push for â€Å"matuwid na daan,† worked to improve the quality of public expenditures and stop erstwhile massive corruption leakages. As explained by Budget Secretary Florencio Abad, government decided to cancel projects embarked on by the previous leadership that were found â€Å"wanting in economic viability and credibility. † Meanwhile, Public Works Secretary Rogelio Singson was plugging loopholes in his department’s procurement and bidding systems, slowing implementation of programmed infrastructure projects in the process. For five consecutive quarters, beginning when President Aquino assumed the reins of government, public construction dropped consistently by as much as 58.  6 percent year-on-year in one quarter. The economy grew by only 3. 9 percent in 2011, down from a hefty 7. 3 percent in 2010. The project cancellations earned for government the displeasure of, even legal action from, donor agencies. The resulting growth slowdown drew severe criticism from business and other economy watchers. It was in this context that the Development Budget Coordinating Committee (DBCC), chaired by Abad and composed of government’s key economic managers, saw urgency in accelerating government disbursements to reverse the slowdown. Thus was the DAP born. In October 2011, the DBCC prescribed the following criteria for projects to be supported under DAP: (1) fast-moving or quick-disbursing; (2) urgent or high priority in terms of social and economic development objectives; and (3) well-performing programs or projects that could further expand benefits to the public with additional funds. How were funds sourced? Funds used for programs and projects identified through DAP were sourced from savings generated by the government, the realignment of which is subject to the approval of the President; as well as the Unprogrammed Fund that can be tapped when government has windfall revenue collections, e. g. , unexpected remittance of dividends from the GOCCs and Government Financial Institutions (GFIs), sale of government assets. Body The use of DAP successfully sustained the pace of public spending as well as economic expansion. The Philippine economy grew by 3. 7 percent in the fourth quarter of 2011, from 3.1 percent and 3. 6 percent in the second and third quarters, respectively. On the supply side, real GDP growth in the fourth quarter was mainly propelled by the robust performance of the services sector, as well as the strong performance of the public construction subsector. On the demand side, household and government consumption, and public sector infrastructure investments supported growth. With a 2. 9 percent growth in net primary income, gross national income grew by 3. 5 percent. (Paderanga) The Disbursement Acceleration Plan worked. Not only were we able to push the level of government spending towards the tail-end of 2011, we were also able to achieve a better-than-expected fiscal deficit level equivalent to 2 percent of gross domestic product. (Abad) President Aquino’s recent defense of his DAP (citing its â€Å"Selective Use of Statistics† to hype growth in the country) is an exaggerated interpretation of a misleading World Bank report. The World Bank’s March 2012 Philippines Quarterly Updated said that â€Å"the government’s DAP was partially successful and contributed 1. 3 percentage points to GDP growth in [the fourth quarter of] 2011. In the November 19, 2013 decision of the Supreme Court magistrates, who voted 14-0 in ruling to bar the PDAF or the legislative pork barrel, which, like the DAP, constituted lump sum funds in the national budget, we can say that DAP is unconstitutional. So, since there’s already such a ruling on the legality of lump sum appropriations, then one can clearly see that the DAP violated the Constitution, too. Associate Justice Antonio Carpio, who’s the most senior of the 14-member high tribunal, took the position that all lump sum appropriations in the budget are illegal. † The other budget rule that flows from the above is that savings have to be generated from their respective appropriations and applied only to items of their respective appropriations. General provisions in the GAA 2001, GAA 2002, and GAA 2003 uniformly provide that â€Å"In no case shall a non-existent program activity or project, be funded by augmentation from savings or by the use of appropriations otherwise authorized in the act. † Put simply, if a program, activity or project does not exist in the GAA, then it cannot be augmented from savings. Put differently, what is called â€Å"cross-border† augmentation as called by some associate justices, meaning the use of savings from one office to augment the budget of another office, is illegal. Yet, Secretary Abad admitted that DAP was used to augment the budgets of the House of Representatives and the Commission on Audit, and that savings of the Executive Department were used to augment the budget of the Commission on Elections. Fatal mistake. (Teodoro, 2013) DAP can be considered as part of the President’s vast presidential pork barrel Conclusion As a whole, the defense of DAP still fell short of justifying the organized allocation almost P 1 trillion in open fund including the supposedly abolished PDAF (Priority Development Assistance Fund), regular agency lump sums, unprogrammed funds, other savings and off budget items. That we even find ourselves in this debate is symptomatic of how broken our system of government is. It indicates a complete breakdown of controls, which puts into question our very system of government. The virulence of corruption has seriously tainted vital government institutions — among others, Congress, executive departments, agencies, government and controlled corporations and local government units. It also puts into question the existing auditing, budgeting processes, procedures and control mechanisms. With cases now being filed, our justice system will also be put to the test. The Pandora’s Box has been fully opened. And if the P10-billion Napoles pork barrel and the Malampaya funds scandals are just a tip of the iceberg, chances are, more gargantuan scams involving public funds are waiting to be uncovered. For all the moral anguish and outrage that Filipinos are going through, the silver lining here is that the pain could have a cathartic effect. Had these scandals not been unearthed, the corrupt would continue with their merry ways, wrecking more serious havoc along the way. But now, the guilty must be quaking in their feet. The fuse ignited by Benhur Luy and the other whistleblowers will definitely result in an explosion that will rack the country to its very foundations. But in the end, it will give us an opportunity to rectify our broken system of governance; and, if we learn from all of this, it is a precious opportunity to correct past mistakes to allow for a better society to emerge.

Dwarf Santan free essay sample

The alee of heavy metal-accumulating plants to remediation has been recently realized. Irish capability is useful in removing toxic heavy metals and trace elements from contaminated soils and waters in a process referred to as phototypesetting. Several terrestrial plants that have been identified in the last two decades as highly effective absorbing and accumulating various toxic trace elements are being evaluated for their role in the phototypesetting of soils polluted with trace elements. Contamination of soil with lead has occurred on a global scale.Exposure to lead may cause adverse effects to human health and the environment. It is therefore desirable to obtain a quantitative estimate of the potential risk of lead contamination. Numerous studies have been conducted collecting lead concentration data from both natural and contaminated soil on a range of scales. Very few of these studies have made serious attempts to spatially describe the data. In order to identify intimidated land and to enable development of appropriate environmental guidelines, it is essential to have an understanding of the universal range of lead concentrations. We will write a custom essay sample on Dwarf Santan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such data also assists in assessing any potential risk to the environment or human health. I . 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Heavy metal contamination is a common problem in many places, and this affects not only the development of cities but also the lives of the people, due to its harmful implications. For instance, if ever the aquifers are contaminated and the Neater is distributed to the people, it will most certainly affect their health as well as heir livelihood. At present, phototypesetting, a biological methods of separation in treating heavy metal contaminated soil.This study explored the possibility of using Dwarf Santa (Koori cocaine) as a phototypesetting agent. The Dwarf Santa is a popular cultivated ornamental shrub. It flowers all year and requires little care. It grows from a half meter to four meters in height. It can be grown as a hedge and sometimes as a bonsai. The plant grows in practically any type of soil, but will thrive other Asian countries. The Dwarf Santa is grown under full sunlight, which induces its year-round flowering. It is used in landscaping in open areas, exposed to bright light.Although its is only used as an ornamental plant Dwarf Santa contains chemical compounds which chalet heavy metals, which is the tannins :www. Antidisestablishmentarianism . Com/dwarf_Santa). Tannins are proven to absorb heavy metals (Humanity, et. Al. ,2003). Lead is the most commonly and usually encountered heavy metal pollutant. Lead usually ends up in water and soil through corrosion of leaded pipelines. Works such as construction, smelting, and radiator repair are some of the occupations which put the worker at greatest risk of lead exposure. I .STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The main aim of this study is to investigate the effect of using Dwarf Santa (koori cocaine) as a phototypesetting agent on Lead (II) contaminated soil. Specifically, it aims to investigate: 1. The measurement of lead in both the soil and the plants to test the ability of the plant as a phototypesetting agent. 2. Capability of Dwarf Santa in reducing the concentration of lead in soil in thirty days. I . 3 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION This study aims to examine the possibility of Dwarf Santa as a cleaning agent for lead contaminated soil. Only the effect of the following variables is investigated:Measurements of the lead in both soil and the plants, to test the ability of the plant to serve as a phototypesetting agent and capability of Dwarf Santa in reducing the concentration of lead in soil for thirty days. I . 4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Heavy metal contamination on soil is becoming a usual problem in many places, specifically lead ions, and this affects the development of the cities as well as the health and livelihood of the people. For instance, if ever the aquifers are contaminated and water is distributed to the people, it will most certainly affect their health as well as their livelihood.Two possible sources of contaminated soil are leaded gasoline and industrial operations like smelters. While gasoline is generally the soil next to roadways up to one-quarter of a mile from the road. Lead is present in soil from multiple environmental sources. There is some lead present in all soil, but not in levels that are harmful or toxic to children. Lead concentration is increased beyond safe levels in areas where there is lead mining, construction, a focus on agriculture, or heavy traffic. Lead mining and smelting releases lead particles into the air which then settles as dust in the soil.Areas of construction are also generally high n lead soil content because of lead released from equipment and during demolition of old houses. Farming acts as a source of lead in soil primarily through fertilizer that contains lead and lime. Waste disposal can also contribute to increased lead levels in these areas. In areas of high traffic lead from gasoline that is pumped into the air settles as dust on soil and pollutes the ground. Lead poisoning is a major health risk, especially for children and infants. Along with water, food, and paint; soil is one of the leading sources of lead exposure.This study aims to investigate for an alternative mechanical means of cleaning lead (which commonly encountered heavy metal pollutant) contaminated soil. Using Dwarf Santa (koori cocaine) as a phototypesetting agent can be a promising strategy to solve the problem on Lead (II) contaminated soil with less or no harm to the environment and to the people. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2. 1 Dwarf Santa (koori cocaine) Dwarf Santa is one of the oldest known flowering plants in the Philippines. The genus Koori has roughly over 420 to 450 species.A plant which is widely distributed in the country as well in other Asian countries. Dwarf Santa is native to India and Sir Lankan (Griffith,1994). It is planted worldwide in tropical and subtropical climates Logier,1997). It is widespread in the Indian sub-continent, China, Indochina, the Malay peninsula and the Philippines. Dwarf Santa (koori cocaine) a popular cultivated ornamental shrub. A plant which belongs to the family of Rubricate, the other scientific name is Koori grandiose Kerr; It is internationally known as the Jungle Geranium, Flame of the Woods and Jungle Flame.The other names are Santa pula for tagging, tangoing for Bissau, Jungle flame (Engle. And Dwarf Santa (Engle. ). Ornamental plant is an erect and smooth shrub, growing to a height of 2 to 3 meters. Leaves are stalk less or on very short stalks, oblong, 5 to 9 CM long, heart-shaped or round at the base and blunt at the tip. Flowers are many, pink or red, and borne in terminal, stalk less or shortly stalked hairy comes. Corolla tube is slender, 2. 5 CM long; lobes are spreading and oblong, about half the length of the tube. Fruit is reddish, almost round, about 5 mm diameter. Its constituents and properties; the roots contains an aromatic acrid oil, tannin, fatty acids. Leaves yield flavors embalmer and quarantine, procrastinations and phenol acids and ferrule acids. Flowers contain cyanide and affiliation, and a coloring material related to quarantine. Considered internally sedative, stomach, tonic, antiseptic, colleague ad cultivation. (www. philippinemedicalplants. Com/dwarf_Santa). Dwarf Santa flowers throughout the year requires little care in full sunlight and light shade (Whistler ,2000).The flowers are visited by butterflies (Collins ,2001), and birds eat the fruits. The plant grows in practically any type of soil, but will thrive best n rich sandy loam. It is used in landscaping in open areas, exposed to bright light. Dwarf Santa grows well in full sun and light to moderate shade. Dwarf Santa is cold sensitive and will partially defoliate after chilling (Michael et. Al. ,1999). Frosts Nil kill it to the ground, but it recovers afterward (Tropical,2001). It competes well Ninth shrubs and herbs but not with dense grass. Little is known about environmental conditions in its native range.The species prefers slightly acid soils with good fertility and becomes sclerotic under alkaline conditions. It tolerates mild salt spray Watkins et. Al. ,1975). There is a trend towards producing newer variety of Dwarf Santa. The Dwarf Santa is the ideal plant for low maintenance landscaping. They can be planted along roadside or any public space as they dont need to much attention. They are very affordable. (http://www. Media. Com/products/dwarf_Santa/ paper. HTML) Although it is only used as an ornamental plant Dwarf Santa contains Chemical compounds which chalet heavy metals, which are the tannins.Tannins are proven to absorb heavy metals (Humanity et. Al, 2003) 2. 2 Phototypesetting Phototypesetting describes the treatment of environmental problems remediation) through the use of plants which mitigate the environmental problem without the need to excavate the contaminant material and dispose of it elsewhere. Phototypesetting consists in mitigating pollutant concentrations in contaminated soils, water or air with plants able to contain, degrade or eliminate metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil and its derivatives, and various other contaminants, from the media that contain them.Phototypesetting may be applied wherever the soil or static water environment has become polluted or is suffering ongoing chronic pollution. Examples where hydrogenation has been used successfully include the restoration of abandoned metal-mine workings, reducing the impact of sites where Pubs have been dumped during manufacture and mitigation of on-going coal mine discharges. (Ate, 2005) Phototypesetting refers to the natural ability of certain plants called hyper accumulators to fasciculation, degrade or render harmless contaminants in soils, Neater or air.Contaminants such as metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil and its derivatives, have been mitigated in phototypesetting projects worldwide. Many plants such as mustard plants, alpine pensioners and pigged have proven to be successful at hyperventilating contaminants at toxic waste sites. Disruptive technology, as opposed to mechanical cleanup methods such as soil excavation or pumping polluted groundwater. Over the past twenty years, this technology has become increasingly popular and has been employed at sites with soils contaminated with lead, uranium , and arsenic.However, one major disadvantage of phototypesetting is that it requires a long-term commitment as the process is dependent on plant growth, tolerance to toxicity and fasciculation capacity. Www. Partners. Com) 2. 3 Lead Lead (BP) is a naturally occurring element that poses environmental hazards when present at elevated concentration. It is being released into the environment because of industrial uses and from the combustion of fossil fuels. Hence, BP is ubiquitous throughout global ecosystems. The existence of potentially harmful concentrations of b in the environment must be given full attention. Emissions from vehicles are major source of environmental contamination by BP. Thus, it becomes imperative that concentrations of BP and other hazardous materials in the environment not only n the Philippines, but elsewhere in the world be adequately examined in order that development of regulations and standards to minimize risk associated with these materials in urban areas is continued. Lead is the most commonly encountered heavy metal pollutant. Lead usually ends up in water and soil through corrosion of lead pipelines. Lead in soil can come from the air or from erosion of lead-bearing rocks, and may be carried indoors as dust.Lead dust can also be generate within the home , especially older homes that used lead-based paints or lead solder (http://www. HCI. Go. Ca/Hal-vs./iii-vs./ environ/lead-aplomb-Eng,pH). Occupations such as construction working, smelting, and radiator repair are some of the occupations which put the worker at greatest risk of lead exposure. Lead is a main-group element with symbol BP Latin: plumb) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to dull grayish color when exposed to air.Lead has a shiny chrome-silver luster when it is melted into a liquid. Lead is used in building construction, lead-acid batteries, lets and shot, weights, and is part of solder, pewter, fusible alloys. And radiation shielding. Lead has the highest atomic number of all of the stable elements, although the next higher element, bismuth, has a half-life that is so long (much longer than the age of the universe) that it can be considered stable. Its four stable isotopes have 82 protons; a magic number in the nuclear shell model of atomic nuclei. Lead is poisonous substance to animals and humans. It damages the nervous system and causes brain disorders. Excessive lead also causes blood disorders in mammals. Like he element mercury, another heavy metal, lead is a potent neurotic that accumulates both in soft tissues and the bones. Lead poisoning has been documented from ancient Rome, ancient Greece, and ancient China. There are studies conducted in the Levels of lead in urban soils from selected cities in a central on the extent of BP contamination of soils in urban cities in central region of Philippines Island.They have conclude that Only one (San Juan in Site 4) of the thirty sampling sites recorded a BP concentration beyond the WHO (World Health Organization) permissible limit of 100 MGM keg (-1). San Juan in Site 4 had a BP incineration of less than 250 MGM keg (-1). On the average, elevated BP concentration Nas evident in the soil samples from San Fernando, Along, Mammals, Baling, and Cabanas. The average soil BP concentrations in these cities exceeded the maximum estimated natural soil BP concentration of 25 MGM keg(-l).Average soil BP concentration in Site 1 (16. 8 MGM keg(-l) was well within the estimated natural concentration range of 5 to 25 MGM keg(-l). Data gathered from the study areas showed that elevated levels of BP in soil were due primarily to vehicular emissions and partly to igneous activity. (www. Environ Sic Pollute Rest Into. Com). Another study Nas conducted about the exposure of preschoolers to lead in the Magmata area of Metro Manila, the Philippines. A study was conducted in the Magmata area of Metro Manila, the Philippines.The lead concentration was measured in residential playground soils, food, water, and hair samples by atomic absorption spectrometer and the data were used to draw conclusions. All of the playground soils were contaminated with lead levels ranging from a minimum of 34. 54 micro/g to a maximum of 283. 13 micro/g in comparison to the naturally occurring lead level of 1 5 micro/g in soils. Further, the study conducted a lead analysis on the hair of the duty population to determine the accumulated lead intake. Ingestion of 25 MGM/day of soil contributed to 4% of the total lead intake per day by children exposed to the study sites.Food (83%) was found to be the major source of lead compared to other sources. (Environ Rest. ) 2. 4 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer In analytical chemistry, atomic absorption spectroscopy is a technique for determining the concentration of a particular metal element in a sample. The technique can be used to analyze the concentration of over seventy different metals in a solution. Although atomic absorption spectroscopy dates to the nineteenth century, the modern form was largely developed during the asses by a team of Australian chemists. Www. Wisped. Com/ CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY This study examined the effectiveness and feasibility of Dwarf Santa as a cleaning agent for lead contaminated soil. Measurements of lead in both the soil and plants were made to test the ability of the plant to serve as a phototypesetting agent. 3. 1 Collection and Preparation of Samples A maximum of 12 Dwarf Santa of the same ages were cut into 6 inches respectively. There is 1 required amount of Dwarf Santa were planted in each containers. 3. 2 Application of TreatmentsThis study utilized an experimental design using three levels of lead Twelve cylindrical containers filled with approximately 600 grams of humus soil taken from the same source. Appropriate concentrations of lead nitrate solutions were poured into the different setups. Setup A had the lowest amount of lead, while setup C had the highest amount of lead concentration. Dwarf Santa of the same age Newer planted on different containers. The plants were watered with 40 ml. Of distilled Neater with the same amount every day and allowed to grow for 30 days. After 30 days, the plants were removed from the pot and soil samples were collected. 3 Spectral Analysis of the Sample These specimens were submitted for analysis of lead concentrations using an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AS). The different parts of the plants in each setup Newer also examined for lead using the same method. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CHAPTER 4 In Table 1, it can be seen that there was a decrease in the concentration of lead after exposure to dwarf Santa for thirty days. This only shows that the plant, indeed, has a phototypesetting effect. It can also be noticed that as the levels of lead increase, the percentage of absorbed lead also increased.